Analysis Of The Movie Things Fall Apart - 1408 Words

â€Å"Turning and turning in the widening gyre, the falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart; the center cannot hold; mere anarchy is loosed upon the world† (Yeats). Things Fall Apart tells the tragic story of a Nigerian village and its adaptation to the cultural changes that it encounters. Similar to the lost falcon in the gyre, the clan looses its way and begins to fall apart when a group of white missionaries take control of their land. The protagonist, as well as static character, Okonkwo, was a well-respected clan leader whose desire of a traditional Igbo society led him to his own downfall. He was a self-made and honored man in Umuofia who was known to be very powerful. His stern and fearless aura was only a faà §ade, however. Internally, he had many worries about his status and the village’s future. Okonkwo’s venomous fears about his reputation, narrow-minded desires for a traditional tribe, and inability to adapt to society’s changes are what caused his life to fall apart and led him to the grave. Okonkwo was a tough, abu sive, and insensitive man. He had a raging temper and saw violence as the answer for almost everything. Although there were many factors that shaped his character, the main reason that Okonkwo was so harsh was because of his father, Unoka, who was a lazy debtor. Okonkwo was very ashamed of his father and made sure that he became nothing like him. â€Å"When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and was heavily in debt. †¦ Fortunately, among theseShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Things Fall Apart And The Mission 1561 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective Paper Pao Hsuan Lee UCOR 2000 Introduction Fictionalized accounts of historical events often provide valuable information that may improve overall understanding of human history. 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Theme Of Realism In Poker Night By John Updike - 1392 Words

â€Å"The cards began to come to me, under the naked bulb, the aces and deuces and the queens with their beautiful cold faces, and I really only made 2 mistakes that night† (Updike 5). This is one of many quotes John Updike uses throughout his works to call attention to his abundance of symbolism. This particular quote comes from his short story Poker Night, a story told from the point of view of a man who, after he has just been told he has cancer, goes to play poker with his friends like he has been for 30 years. This particular quote, like many of his others, uses mundane realism to call attention to his symbolism. In this particular case he is using the character’s poker luck to symbolize his life. When Updike says â€Å"and I really only made 2†¦show more content†¦The story is centered around Sammy, a 19 year old clerk at an A P grocery store in coastal Massachusetts. It is based upon the scenario of 3 teenage girls walking into the grocery store in not hing but bathing suits. This makes for a rather interesting story, with Sammy becoming fixated with the girls, and even though the story takes place over the period of about 20 mins, it has a very complex theme. The theme is told mostly through symbolism, which is why Updike uses realism, causing reader to make an inference about the symbols he uses. For example, when Sammy is ringing up a purchase, a seemingly boring task, Updike gives the reader insight to Sammy`s mind: I go through the punches 4, 9, GROC, TOT -- it’s more complicated than you think, and after you do it often enough, it begins to make a little song, that you hear words to, in my case â€Å"Hello (bing) there, you (gung) hap-py pee-pul (splat)†-the splat being the drawer flying out (Updike 4) Though this may seem like a very simple and inconsequential part of the story, it actually is. It leads the reader to understand that Sammy is bored with his job. The song shows how he is uninterested with what he does, as anybody would be being a store clerk. However, knowing he’s 19, we can understand that he is not just bored, but wants a better life. This is in part, influenced by his obsession with the girls. When the girls are checking out he fantasizes of their life: All of a suddenShow MoreRelatedBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesAmerican / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° trickster talesï ¼Ë†Ã¦  ¶Ã¤ ½Å"å‰ §Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¤ ¼  Ã¥ ¥â€¡Ã¯ ¼â€° rituals / ceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - John Smith, founder of Jamestown, Virginia; Pocahontas - John Winthrop, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity†: â€Å"†¦ We shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (1630-50, pub. 1856) - Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)

Poliomyelitis in Context of Pakistan

Question: Write an essay on Poliomyelitis in Pakistan? Answer: Absract The current assignment deals with the serious issue of poliomyelitis in context of Pakistan. Although Polio is eradicated from most of the countries across world, Pakistan still faces the risk of Polio infection. The study highlights the major reasons for this and points out the factors contributing to the barriers to eradicate the disease. These include religious beliefs, illiteracy, economical constraints, etc. This research presents a deep insight into the prospective symptoms, treatments and prevailing programs in Pakistan for eradicating Polio from the country. The study concludes with the note that the country of Pakistan need to focus highly on the incorporation of educative sessions in the polio eradicating programs. This assignment also presents an intervention program based on the NPSP program through analysis of the social, behavioral and cultural aspect of the country. Introduction This research paper will spread light on the poliomyelitis infection that spread over in Pakistan and also the statistical data of the polio cases in Pakistan. It also gives a detail description about the polio virus and the vaccines that can prevent the poliomyelitis disease. It will also highlight the conflicts that occur during administration of a vaccine. In the last section, I have proposed an intervention programme for eradication polio, which when implemented on other countries have proved very successful. Lastly, I will also highlight some of the limitation of the proposed intervention Current Epidemiology Today Polio has almost been eradicated from worldwide, but few countries remain endemic like Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. Pakistan has the highest percentage of cases of poliomyelitis in the world, 23%. Though Immunization of polio campaign has started in a country since 1974, but the efforts of eradication has been started from 1993. Around 60 rounds of vaccination have been carried out till 2007 in the country but still it remains endemic. Cases of polio in Pakistan were 37% in 2011 though only 7cases of polio has been reported in 2015. The number of new cases though has been lesser down but still poliomyelitis has still not got completely eradicated from Pakistan. The reason may be the challenges that remain in Pakistan. The constant conflict in polio sanctuaries restrict the coverage of territories by the vaccination team and generate displacement of the population which contributes to spreading of polio virus and bring about a condition of poverty. According to nation surveillance reports since 1999, the rate of non-polio below the age of 15years has exceeded to 2% per 100000. Polio eradication has become a priority program for Pakistan. The program started with a hope of eradication but faced a lot of limitation due to violence and protest against the workers of polio. From 58 cases of polio in 2012, it increased to 91 in 2013. Government of Pakistan has declared a national emergency to interrupt transmission of polio and to achieve the goal of eradication. Programme Initiated by the Government in Pakistan NEAP programme was established in Pakistan to eradicate polio in Pakistan. This programme relied on the strong political leadership and provincial administration also the agency and district administrator. The main goal of this programme was to stop the transmission of polio virus. A total 58 Wild polio virus cases were reported in 2012 which increased by 58 wild polio virus in 2013 that is more than 68% of the complete cases of polio in Pakistan. The reason of the increasing number of cases was because of the vaccination ban that occurred in the south and North Waziristan and also due to the aloofness from conflict in Khyber agency. On the basis of religious ground, the parents refused to participate in the programme and get their children vaccinated Recently government in 2015 issued arrest warrants for 1,200 guardians and parent who refused administration of vaccination for their children. Reports state that 512 people who were arrested were freed as they agreed for not opposing vaccination. New cases were of poliomyelitis has dropped by70% because of the increasing vaccination as previously northwest Pakistan was under the militants who were opposing for vaccination administration but Zarb-e-Ab which by Pakistani forces secured these areas and theses campaign were against Taliban militants. So they could administer the vaccine to the children in those areas. Though the issue of polio has recently been dropped because of continuous support of eradication programme by the government but still it is not completely eradication in this paper I would like to discuss an intervention for poliomyelitis. Despite the progress of the polio sanctuaries situation remain fragile because of some reason like the outbreak at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, continuous poliovirus transmission in FATA block, isolation of cVDPD-2 in Quetta block etc. The limitation of this programme was that it did not spread education programme. Educating programme is important because many people are unaware of the details of polio they should be made aware of all the pros and cons about the vaccination, religious myths that were present among the people were not resolved. And lastly it will require more support from the government as the financial limitation becomes a barrier in an implementation of new techniques. Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by polio virus. It affects the central nervous system that sometimes results in paralysis. Infantile paralysis is the greatest incidence of polio disease that occurs in children between the ages of 10. In 1840, an orthopedist Jacob von Hein from Germany has first descried this disease. Poliovirus is enteroviruses that are spread from one individual to another following pharyngeal secretions and excretion in feces, chiefly via mouth route or via hand to hand. Poliovirus receptor is expressed only on the cells of humans being and a few subhuman primate species there are no known extra human reservoirs. This virus replicates in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause viremia. It then invades the CNS and also destroys the motor neurons that cause flaccid paralysis and sometimes sensory loss permanently. It is a preventable disease it can be prevented by vaccination of live attenuated oral polio virus. Symptoms The virus usually enters the body through the alimentary tract and spreads long nerve cells to affect various parts of central nervous system. The period of incubation is 4-35days. Fatigue, nausea, fever, vomiting, pain diarrhea, spasm of the neck are the common symptoms. As nerve cell once destroyed do not regenerate, and it plays a crucial role in control movement of muscle and this cause paralysis permanent. The nerve cell that controls the respiration if once destroyed then the patient is kept alive with the help of iron lung. Polio Eradication Immunizations can prevent polio, polio vaccines are given for a number of times and almost it protects child life always. Five different polio vaccines have been armored by the Global Polio eradication initiation to stop polio transmission. The vaccines are as follows oral polio vaccine (OVP), Inactive polio vaccine (IPV), monovalent polio oral vaccine (mOPV3 and mOVP1), and bivalent polio oral vaccine. Conflicts of Polio On the basis of the religious ground many conflicts arises, many people restrict the administration of the polio virus the greatest obstacle, even lack of health infrastructure limits the distribution of the vaccine. Another big challenge that arises is maintaining the potency of the live attenuated vaccine due to hot temperature. The oral polio vaccine is to be maintained at 2 to 8 degree Celsius for successful vaccination. The crucial problem in Pakistan is the barrier of insecurity among people, inadequate resource for health facilities, managing resources of human, political pressure, conflicts among the people living in Pakistan as well as influenced from other countries, other than this the major problem lies in the technical issues. These all create barriers for safe polio vaccine administration by the programme that are held to eradicate poliomyelitis Proposed Intervention for Eradication of Poliomyelitis As there are so many social, environmental issues which restrict the eradication of polio from Pakistan. I would like to implement a programme NPSP i.e. National polio surveillance project will help in controlling and eradicating the problem of polio in Pakistan. This programme is funded and established by the Government of India and WHO. As India is a neighboring country of Pakistan and has a similar environment, and atmospheric condition implementation of this programme in India has resulted in complete eradication of the infectious disease poliomyelitis. The basic problem that occurs in Pakistan is restricting the team of vaccination to administer the vaccine to the children. Educating programme if implemented then it may resolve the matter of this concern as, less knowledge creates difficulties. Education programme must give a detailed information about the consequences of polio vaccine if not given to the children, it may lead to flaccid paralysis, stiffness etc. the common difficulty that creates a barrier is the knowledge of total doses. The people are sometimes unaware of the multiple doses that are required for appropriate vaccination, due to lack of knowledge as well as the poor immunity of the children leads to polio even after receiving doses of polio vaccine. As building the immunity of the body is important to fight against the polio virus thus proper nutrition chart must be implemented for the children as well as their family member to guide them through diet. Some cookery classes service are to be given so that the people could participate and get detail information on healthy diet chart as dietary health habit will increase the immunity of t he children to fight against the polio disease. As malnutrition, underweight are the two factors which decrease the immune system of the body so it is important to focus on this problem and give them appropriate support so that multiple doses of polio vaccine can eradicate the virus from the body. The people must know that OPV is a safe vaccine. It can be also given to newborns and sick children. Some people also have misconception like OPV causes infertility so doctors are to be appointed so that they could resolve this myth as from a long time scientist are testing this polio vaccine but cannot get any link between these two issues. Religious conflicts are the major problem among people, so if religious people from various Islamic institution and muftis can support vaccination and OPV this practice may influence people and the religious barrier can be removed. So it is important that campaigns in which religious people participate and educate the population this will help in controlling the barrier of religion. Even all the hajjis are required to be vaccinated against the polio virus. People like Imams, cleric's madrasa teachers, physicians, etc will work together in this project to urge the parent for immunizing their children, and will also reduce the person who refuses to get their children vaccinated Another major problem is an economy. So a team of people is to be appointed who will monitor accurately and analyze the requirement of capital resources required for the programme so that they can give the complete budget to the government and convince the government to spend an amount to eradicate this process. And this team will maintain a proper documentation of the amount of money invested and also about the amount required for maintaining the laboratories that prepare the vaccine. This team will also handle convincing other countries and arranging meeting so that the government could collaborate with the other country, and joint ventures are formed which will increase the resource as well as capital. So national as well as international collaboration is very important in increasing the capital. Government's support plays the most crucial role in eradicating the polio disease from Pakistan. As investing, more capital will not create a crisis and all the people can get the multiple vaccine free as people due to financial crisis sometimes become a barrier. So it is important that this polio doses must be made free. And even two days in a month should be allocated for polio vaccination delivery. People will be appointed who will cover all the areas of Pakistan and place campaign in which free vaccination against polio virus is to be given. Attendance barrier problem will also be resolved as some people have issues regarding transportation. So this small campaign that will cover almost all the areas will enable the people to access this camp and get their children vaccinated. Health workers are appointed for sampling from environment sewage in areas which are remote, or are unhygienic will help the government in tracking out the complete spread area of the virus. Areas with increasing risk will then be targeted, and more support could be given to eradicate poliomyelitis. Health workers will target the mobile families that are the people who are travelling by bus or motorbikes train etc. This will help them to immunize children who stay in remote areas. As well it will interrupt transmission of the disease from one country or place to another. An approach to ensure the good quality of polio is the main goal of this program. The people must get high quality of vaccine which will increase the efficacy of the eradication process. The vaccines are to be created in such a way so that it can also immunize children from other diseases like diarrhea; chicken pox etc. and this will also built capacity to eradicate vital disease like measles, etc. This will ensure that the children are immunized from other preventable diseases also. Lastly, this programme will require a team of people that will monitor the whole process as monitoring the whole process is very beneficial as the lagging problem will get resolved. Teams will note all the issues from each and every individual and get detail information that will help them to check their mistakes if any. So monitoring the whole process throughout the process is very crucial. Post-polio vaccination programme are implemented, as it will help in maintaining the polio vaccine multiple dose records. So continuously health works keep a track is all doses of polio been given to the children or not. Evidence of NPSP Intervention NPSP has been implemented in India, and it has proved a very effective as well as the successful programme. Along with polio, it has also been effective in eradicating other preventable diseases that include Japanese encephalitis; measles, etc. 100% eradication has been achieved by India for eradicating this disease. Limitation of Npsp The main challenges that will be faced in the implementation of this programme are of the documentation. If documentation is not done correctly it creates the huge problem it may misguide and mislead of proper delivering of a vaccine may occur. Another challenge is it needs a good amount of investment and thus need foreign collaboration as alone the government of Pakistan cannot meet the target amount. If these two challenges are overcome, then this project may bring huge success. Conclusion This research paper addresses the major health problem that is poliomyelitis in Pakistan. It is a preventable disease. Most of the countries are successful in eradicating this disease but Pakistan still is not completely successful in eradicating this disease. It is important that people should not oppose in administrating polio vaccine as it is a preventable disease and people could be immunized with the help of vaccine. And this issue of eradication of poliovirus can be 100% successful. This paper highlighted the importance of eradication of polio. I have proposed an intervention programme that includes an analysis on the basis of social, culture, behavior. This proposal was based on NPSP programme guidelines. This programme was implemented in India and eradicated polio 100% so this guideline, if implemented to Pakistan, may also result in the successful eradication of polio. This programme was based on the analysis of social, behavioral, cultural, environmental factors contribute. And also it gives importance to the role of international and national collaboration and also the funders. Reference Abimbola, S., Malik, A. U., and Mansoor, G. F. (2013). The final push for polio eradication: addressing the challenge of violence in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.PLoS Med,10(10), e1001529. Addy D. Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2012; 97(12):1096-1096.doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303240. Alexander J, Zubair M, Khan M, Abid N, Durry E. Progress and Peril: Poliomyelitis Eradication Efforts in Pakistan, 1994-2013. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014; 210(suppl 1):S152-S161. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu450. Bass, S., and Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012).Sustainable development strategies: a resource book. Routledge. CDC. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication Peoples Republic of China, 1990-1996. MMWR 1996; 45:1076-9. Estvariz, C. F., Pallansch, M. A., Anand, A., Wassilak, S. G., Sutter, R. W., Wenger, J. D., and Orenstein, W. A. (2013). Poliovirus vaccination options for achieving eradication and securing the endgame.Current opinion in virology,3(3), 309-315. Fetene, N. W., and Sherani, A. (2013). Determinant Factors for Implementing Polio Eradication Activities under Security Compromised Settings of Pakistan.J Trop Dis,2(127), 2. Grassly, N. C. (2013). The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,368(1623), 20120140. Hussain, S. S., and Sabri, P. S. U. (2014). National Environmental Policy Development for Sustainable Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Pakistan.International Journal of Social Quality,4(1), 78-94. Impfgegner vs. Regierung Poliomyelitis in Pakistan. Flug u Reisemed. 2015; 22(02):58-58.doi:10.1055/s-0035-1550293. Khan A, Gebreselassie H, Asturias E et al. Corrigendum to No evidence for prolonged excretion of polioviruses in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Guatemala [Biologicals 34 (2006) 113-116]. Biologicals. 2007; 35(1):73. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.01.001. Khan A, Gebreselassie H, Asturias E et al. No evidence for prolonged excretion of polioviruses in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Guatemala. Biologicals. 2006; 34(2):113-116. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.004. Lowther, S. A., Roesel, S., O'Connor, P., Landaverde, M., Oblapenko, G., Deshevoi, S., and Wassilak, S. (2013). World Health Organization regional assessments of the risks of poliovirus outbreaks.Risk Analysis,33(4), 664-679. Moturi, E. K., Porter, K. A., Wassilak, S. G., Tangermann, R. H., Diop, O. M., Burns, C. C., and Jafari, H. (2014). Progress toward polio eradicationworldwide, 20132014.MMWR,63(21), 468-472. O'Reilly K, Durry E, ul Islam O et al. The effect of mass immunisation campaigns and new oral poliovirus vaccines on the incidence of poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2001-11: a retrospective analysis. The Lancet. 2012; 380(9840):491-498.doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60648-5. Polio Eradication.Org. Polio Global Eradication Initiative: Pakistan. Polio Eradication.Org. https://www.polioeradication.org/infectedcountries/pakistan.aspx.Accessed August 2, 2015. Poliomyelitis vaccine inactivated. Reactions Weekly. 2004; NA ;( 1017):13.doi: 10.2165/00128415-200410170-00044. Russell W. Poliomyelitis. London: E. Arnold; 1956. Thibaut, H. J., De Palma, A. M., and Neyts, J. (2012). Combating enterovirus replication: state-of-the-art on antiviral research.Biochemical pharmacology,83(2), 185-192. World Health Organization. (2013). Poliomyelitis, Fact sheet no. 114.World Health Organization, Geneva. World Health Organization. (2014). Poliomyelitis; 2014. Lowther, S. A., Roesel, S., O'Connor, P., Landaverde, M., Oblapenko, G., Deshevoi, S., and Wassilak, S. (2013). World Health Organization regional assessments of the risks of poliovirus outbreaks.Risk Analysis,33(4), 664-679 Poliomyelitis vaccine inactivated. Reactions Weekly. 2004; NA ;( 1017):13.doi: 10.2165/00128415-200410170-00044. Moturi, E. K., Porter, K. A., Wassilak, S. G., Tangermann, R. H., Diop, O. M., Burns, C. C., and Jafari, H. (2014). Progress toward polio eradicationworldwide, 20132014.MMWR,63(21), 468-472. Addy D. Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2012; 97(12):1096-1096.doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303240. Fetene, N. W., and Sherani, A. (2013). Determinant Factors for Implementing Polio Eradication Activities under Security Compromised Settings of Pakistan.J Trop Dis,2(127), 2. Impfgegner vs. Regierung Poliomyelitis in Pakistan. Flug u Reisemed. 2015; 22(02):58-58.doi:10.1055/s-0035-1550293. Alexander J, Zubair M, Khan M, Abid N, Durry E. Progress and Peril: Poliomyelitis Eradication Efforts in Pakistan, 1994-2013. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014; 210(suppl 1):S152-S161. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu450. Hussain, S. S., and Sabri, P. S. U. (2014). National Environmental Policy Development for Sustainable Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Pakistan.International Journal of Social Quality,4(1), 78-94. Bass, S., and Dalal-Clayton, B. (2012).Sustainable development strategies: a resource book. Routledge. World Health Organization. (2014). Poliomyelitis; 2014 Khan A, Gebreselassie H, Asturias E et al. No evidence for prolonged excretion of polioviruses in persons with residual paralytic poliomyelitis in Ethiopia, Pakistan and Guatemala. Biologicals. 2006; 34(2):113-116. doi:10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.03.004. World Health Organization. (2013). Poliomyelitis, Fact sheet no. 114.World Health Organization, Geneva. Thibaut, H. J., De Palma, A. M., and Neyts, J. (2012). Combating enterovirus replication: state-of-the-art on antiviral research.Biochemical pharmacology,83(2), 185-192. Moturi, E. K., Porter, K. A., Wassilak, S. G., Tangermann, R. H., Diop, O. M., Burns, C. C., and Jafari, H. (2014). Progress toward polio eradicationworldwide, 20132014.MMWR,63(21), 468-472. Estvariz, C. F., Pallansch, M. A., Anand, A., Wassilak, S. G., Sutter, R. W., Wenger, J. D., and Orenstein, W. A. (2013). Poliovirus vaccination options for achieving eradication and securing the endgame.Current opinion in virology,3(3), 309-315. Russell W. Poliomyelitis. London: E. Arnold; 1956. Grassly, N. C. (2013). The final stages of the global eradication of poliomyelitis.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,368(1623), 20120140. Estvariz, C. F., Pallansch, M. A., Anand, A., Wassilak, S. G., Sutter, R. W., Wenger, J. D., and Orenstein, W. A. (2013). Poliovirus vaccination options for achieving eradication and securing the endgame.Current opinion in virology,3(3), 309-315. Abimbola, S., Malik, A. U., and Mansoor, G. F. (2013). The final push for polio eradication: addressing the challenge of violence in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria.PLoS Med,10(10), e1001529. Moturi, E. K., Porter, K. A., Wassilak, S. G., Tangermann, R. H., Diop, O. M., Burns, C. C., and Jafari, H. (2014). Progress toward polio eradicationworldwide, 20132014.MMWR,63(21), 468-472. Estvariz, C. F., Pallansch, M. A., Anand, A., Wassilak, S. G., Sutter, R. W., Wenger, J. D., and Orenstein, W. A. (2013). Poliovirus vaccination options for achieving eradication and securing the endgame.Current opinion in virology,3(3), 309-315. World Health Organization. (2013). Poliomyelitis, Fact sheet no. 114.World Health Organization, Geneva. Fetene, N. W., and Sherani, A. (2013). 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International Sports Essays - Cricket, Fielding, Dismissal, Batting

International Sports International Sports Polo - How the game is played A polo match lasts about one and one-half hours and is divided into six 7 minute periods or chukkers. Since a horse in fast polo can cover two and one-half to three miles per period, he'll be too tired to play a second one right away. After resting for two or three periods, some horses can return to the game. Still, in championship polo, a player will come to the field with at least six horses. The mounts are horses, mostly thoroughbreds, not ponies. The object of the game is to score as many goals as possible. There are four players on a team and each assumes a specific position either offensive or defensive. However, given the enormous size of the playing fields, the momentum of the galloping horses and the ball's unexpected changes of direction, the game is very fluid, and the positions continuously change. There are few set plays in polo, and good anticipation is almost a sixth sense. With thousand pound animals running at speed there is a pre-eminent necessity for a right of way rule. The central concept in the rules of polo is the line of the ball, a right-of-way established by the path of the traveling ball. Like the rules of the road, there are do's and don'ts governing access to this right-of-way and crossing it. Within these limitations, a player can hook an opponent's mallet, push him off the line, bump him with his horse or steal the ball from him. Penalties are awarded as free hits. The more severe, the shorter the distance to the goal. The closer hits are almost certain goals. After every goal is scored, the teams change sides in order to compensate for field and wind conditions. A typical score would be 10-7. Polo games are played on the flat or the handicap. Every registered player is awarded a skill rating from C (-2, the lowest) to 10 (the highest). When a match is played on the handicap basis, the sum total rating of the players on the team is subtracted from that of the opposition. Any difference is then awarded to the lower rated side in goals on the scoreboard. Polo - The history Possibly the oldest team sport, polo's genesis is lost to the eye of history. An Asiatic game, polo was first played on a barren campground by nomadic warriors over two thousand years ago Valuable for training Cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople to Japan by the Middle Ages. Known in the East as the Game of Kings, Tamer lane's polo grounds can still be seen in Samarkand. British tea planters in India witnessed the game in the early 1800's but it was not until the 1850's that the British Cavalry drew up the earliest rules and by the 1869's the game was well established in England. James Gordon Bennett, a noted American publisher, balloonist, and adventurer, was captivated by the sport and brought it to New York in 1876 where it caught on immediately. Within ten years, there were major clubs all over the east, including Newport and Long Island. Over the next 50 years, polo achieved extraordinary popularity in the United States. By the 1930's polo was in the midst of a Golden Age it was an Olympic sport and crowds in excess of 30,000 regularly attended international matches at Meadow Brook Polo Club on Long Island. The galloping game produced athletes who would doubtless have achieved greatness in any sport. Cecil Smith, the Texas cowboy who held a perfect 10-goal rating for a still-record 25 years. Devereux Melbourne, instrumental in formulating modern styles of play and Tommy Hitch cock, war hero and the best of the best in international competition for two decades. In the past 20 years, polo in the United States has undergone an unprecedented and remarkable expansion. At present, there are more than 225 clubs with over 3,000 players. Cricket - The rules There are 2 teams which have 11 players each. They play on a large circular or oval field batting area pitch at the center. At each end of the pitch is a 28inch-high wicket consisting of three vertical