Julia Rowe DANC 221 Critical Analysis Paper- Rough Essays

Julia Rowe DANC 221 Critical Analysis Paper-Rough Draft The Mark Morris Dance Group played out a fabulous show at Cal Poly ' s Performing Arts Center on May 10, 2016. Imprint Morris is a world-well known choreographer of current and contemporary styles. The movement for this exhibition by and large needed physicality, in any case, there were other dark methods and techniques that occurred to keep the crowd engaged all through the whole show. Albeit a few ideas may have been hard to decipher, the three bits of the show effectively constrained the crowd through separating topics of non-verbal communication , diversion, and stylish intrigue. The principal piece, called Words, appeared to explore different avenues regarding passing on a feeling or state of mind without the utilization of real words. The unrecorded music that went with this piece incorporated a violin and piano, with no comparing verses. There were many pair work where artists would change on utilization of face appeara nce, individual space, and development to depict kinds of connections between artists. These developments and forms of non-verbal communication dialects passed on numerous feelings, for example, satisfaction, aching, disillusionment, and perkiness which were hindered with a dark sheet. This dark sheet conveyed by two artists, moved over the phase to stamp the finish of a scene and a start of another. Indeed, even this dark sheet evoked blended sentiments of bitterness of a scene finishing and an energy of what will occur in the following. The accompanying piece may have been the crowd ' s most loved bit of the show on the grounds that the planned diversion was surely known by the group. The odd verses from Ivor Cutler were spoken to by artists ' passerby like developments, motions, and emulate that envisioned the words and sounds in the music. For example, a deficient word expression of an agony in the was promptly trailed by a ladies on downstage focus centering the crowd ' s tho ughtfulness regarding her behind. The crowd cherished this just as when the verses said I don't have the foggiest idea what love is, I wear ' t either, while a male and female artist were connecting with one another. In spite of the fact that there were numerous more profound implications of the verses, the crowd appeared to just comprehend the outside of it, thus the continuous giggling all through the piece. The Grand Duo was the end bit of the night, which had a tasteful intrigue and excellence through a harmony of shapes and themes. In contrast to the past two pieces, the fourteen artists stayed in front of an audience while making slight minor departure from development phrases. Before all else, the artists began with one blame dispensing straight above, glinting like a little fire on a flame. Another rehashed theme was a L-state of the arms with a profound pli e . All artists executed both of these rehashed developments with minor departure from speed, level, and heading, yet at the same time appeared to bring a feeling of solidarity. Alongside this, the green, purple, and blue outfits made of a smooth material had an impact of showing a painted work of art.

Quotes from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda

Statements from Idi Amin Dada, A President of Uganda Idi Amin was the leader of Uganda between 25 Jan 1971 to 13 April 1979, and he is broadly viewed as one of the most merciless pioneers throughout the entire existence of the world. He is evaluated to have tormented, executed, or detained somewhere close to 100,000 and 500,000 of his rivals. As per a Sunday Times of 27 July 2003 entitled A Clown Drenched in Brutality, Amin gave himself a few titles all through his rule, including His Excellency President forever, Field Marshal Al Hadji, Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. The Idi Amin cites recorded underneath were taken from books, papers, and magazines covering his discourses, meetings, and wires to other state authorities. 1971â€1974 I am not a government official but rather an expert officer. I am, along these lines, a man of scarcely any words and I have been brief through my expert career.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, from his first discourse to the Ugandan country in January 1971. Germany is where when Hitler was the leader and preeminent officer, he consumed more than 6,000,000 Jews. This is on the grounds that Hitler and every single German individuals realized that Israelis are not individuals who are working in light of a legitimate concern for the world and that is the reason they consumed the Israelis bursting at the seams with gas in the dirt of Germany.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, some portion of a wire sent to Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary-General, and Golda Meir, Israeli chief, on 12 Sept 1972. I am the legend of Africa.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, as cited in Newsweek 12 March 1973. While wishing you a quick recuperation from the Watergate undertaking, may I, Excellency, guarantee you of my most noteworthy regard and regard.President Idi Amin of Uganda, message to U.S. President Richard M. Nixon, on July 4, 1973, as detailed in The New York Times, 6 July 1973. 1975â€1979 Now and then individuals botch the manner in which I talk for what I am thinking. I never had any conventional training not even nursery school authentication. In any case, in some cases I know more than Ph.D.s on the grounds that as a military man I realize the proper behavior, I am a man of action.Idi Amin as cited in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. I would prefer not to be constrained by any superpower. I myself view myself as the most remarkable figure on the planet, and that is the reason I don't let any superpower control me.Idi Amin, leader of Uganda, as cited in Thomas and Margaret Meladys Idi Amin Dada: Hitler in Africa, Kansas City, 1977. Like the Prophet Mohammed, who relinquished his life and his property to benefit Islam, I am prepared to bite the dust for my country.From Radio Uganda and credited to Idi Amin in 1979, as detailed in Amin, Living by the Gun, Under the Gun,  The New York Times, 25 March 1979.

A Few First Year Applicant FAQs - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

A Few First Year Applicant FAQs - UGA Undergraduate Admissions A Few First Year Applicant FAQs It’s fall semester, and questions are beginning to flood in about UGA’s First Year admission process. Here are answers to some of our more frequently asked ones. I plan to apply Early Action. What is the last ACT/SAT exam date you will accept for Early Action (EA)? We will only be able to use SAT/ACT scores for tests taken by the October 15 EA deadline. For us to receive your scores in time, you must designate UGA as an automatic recipient when you register for the exam. Do I have to complete the essays if I am applying for Fall 2014 as a First Year student? It depends. Are you applying for Regular Decision, whose deadline is January 15 compared to EA’s October 15 deadline? If so, you will complete four short essays for the 2014 application. EA applicants who do not meet EA criteria and who are then deferred to the Regular Decision process will complete the essays. Click here to see this year’s essay topics. Regular Decision also requires a teacher recommendation and allows you to submit your first term senior grades. When can I apply? There is early, and then there is late. The 2014 First Year application first becomes available at the beginning of September. Please know that, while there is a HUGE penalty for missing our application and document deadlines, we give no admission benefit or prize for being among the first to submit the application. Take your time. (Just don’t wait until the week before the deadline when most mistakes are made!) If you submit your application on our September 3 opening date, we still cannot begin to review your completed file and scores until October along with all other Early Action applicants. All EA decisions will be released in late November or early December. The file completion deadlines for EA and RD will be one week after the application deadlines. How long does it take to fill out the application? Most students say it takes longer than they thought it would, so be encouraged by the fact that you don’t have to complete the application in one sitting. Once you create your UGA “ApplicantID”, you can save your work and come back later to complete the application and make any corrections. Warning: Once you agree to the UGA Honor Code and choose submit at the bottom of that final page, you cannot return to make changes or corrections to your application. What will I need when I sit at my computer to I apply? Great question! We suggest you put four documents in your UGA folder: (1) SSN card, (2) resume, (3) copy of your latest HS transcript, and (4) fee payment information. You absolutely must give us your correct Social Security Number (please proofread it). We ask you to list your honors, activities, leadership, and work experiences which you may have already collected for a resume. You need to accurately report the college prep curriculum you’re taking and the grades youve earned. And finally, to complete the application you must give us payment information, ideally for a credit card. Should I apply Early Action or Regular Decision? We can’t tell you which decision plan is right for you. That decision should be made by you with the help of your family and high school counselor. Read our Regular Decision vs. Early Action page here. We hope this FAQ helps. Plan to regularly review our Blog for admissions news and updates or to search for answers to other questions that you cannot readily find in our First Year Student pages. And Go Dawgs!

An Analysis of The Soul selects her own Society - 884 Words

Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"The Soul Selects her Own Society† presents herself as absolute and her rights as unchallengeable. The poem puts forward the idea of â€Å"friendship or love† which means choosing a significant person and excluding other people. Dickinson reveals that she was shutting people from her life, but because it had been so long, they are no longer interested in taking part of her life. Dickinson’s actions imply that the ability to create and construct a world for oneself, such as choosing your own actions, provides an example of a god-like achievement. Overall, Dickson asserts the importance of â€Å"the Self† theme which is shown my just speaking and writing as a ratification of the will to explore and express â€Å"the Self† to others.†¦show more content†¦The poem continues with a tone of privacy because she â€Å"shuts the Door-† which shows that she confused and wants some time alone. Dickinson is â€Å"U nmoved† despite an â€Å"Emperor† puts away his pride and kneels in front of her. Dickinson later on reveals more of her opinionated choices when she decides to â€Å"close the Valves of her attention-†. There is also a solemnity and beauty to the idea that the soul will â€Å"close the Valves of her attention-† even to an â€Å"Emperor†. Dickinson uses many literary devices that display underlying messages in the poem. Alliteration is used in the first line, â€Å"The Soul selects her own Society†. Symbolism plays a large role in this poem. Dickinson’s reclusive nature is shown as shutting the door. The â€Å"Emperor† stands for the importance or status of the speaker or God.. The â€Å"Valves† stands for the entry ways to her heart or mind. The â€Å"Chariots-† symbolize other religions coming and the door symbolizes religion which is shut out when the door is in a sense closed. An example of personification is when the Soul shuts the door. The Soul acts as human and has human capabilities os closing a door. The simile â€Å"close the Valves of her attention-Like Stone-† shows how Dickinson refuses to change her decision just as stone cannot move once it is placed down. The metaphor compares the soul to a person in the entire poem. DickinsonShow MoreRelatedEssay about Anal ysis of Emily Dickinson’s No. 657 and No. 303945 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Emily Dickinson’s I dwell in Possibility (No. 657) and The Soul selects her own Society (No. 303) 303 The Soul selects her own Society Then shuts the Door To her divine Majority Present no more Unmoved she notes the Chariots pausing At her low Gate Unmoved an Emperor kneeling Upon her Mat I’ve known her from an ample nation Choose One Then close the Valves of her attention Like Stone 657 I dwell in Possibility A fairer House than Prose More numerousRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Misty Wall 1183 Words   |  5 Pagescountless of her poems involved a topic of love. How did she cover the theme of love while living in her own world? Well, she goes about this in different types of poetry such as spiritual communication, using the combination of love and sex, and the separation of lovers (Emily Dickinson.). Dickinson lived in total physical isolation from the outside world but it was stated that she did have a few people that had an impact on her life. One of them was actually speculated apparent in her poems. InRead More Emily Dickinson - Her Life and Poetry Essay627 Words   |  3 PagesEmily Dickinson - Her Life and Poetry Emily Elizabeth Dickinson was born December 10, 1830, into an influential family in Amherst, Massachusetts. Her father helped found Amherst College, where Emily later attended between 1840 and 1846. She never married and died in the house where she was born on May 15, 1886. Emily Dickinson’s reclusive life was arguably a result of her proposed bi-polar disorder. This life and disorder unduly influenced the themes of her poetry. She chose notRead MoreTheme Of Human Mind By Emily Dickinson799 Words   |  4 Pageshuman understanding in some form or another, and her brilliance was a strong argument for the idea of unlimited mental capacity. Throughout Emily Dickinson’s poems, it is evident that while she explored both arguments of the human mind, she was a believer in the concept of an infinite mind. Several of Dickinson’s poems mention the independency (or lack thereof) of the mind, therefore making argument for limitations of human understanding. In her well-known poem, â€Å"Much Madness is Divinest Sense,†Read MoreBibliography Relation to Analysis of Emily Dickinson ´s Writings2048 Words   |  8 PagesDickinson’s poems and their allusions to many classic myths. He denotes the figurative language that Dickinson utilizes in her poetry to relate to her themes. With these key elements in mind, Anderson is then able to compare Dickinson’s works to other authors who have tried to reach the same goals, however, Dickinson is able to better achieve the extrapolation of the myths through her profound and truly exquisite writing. In Dickinson’s A Narrow Fellow In the Grass, the tone is described to be bashfulRead MoreA Rose For Emily Symbolism Analysis1376 Words   |  6 PagesElephants,† the setting is raised to the symbolic level. When the outside portrayal does not correspond to what is happening inside the character, it adds a psychological perspective to the plot’s analysis. In Faulkner’s story, there is much information about the Griersons who have been at the top tier of society for a long time and have become an integral part of the local community. In Hemingway’s story, the girl’s name is mentioned closer to the end of the story, and the readers learn nothing aboutRead MoreThinking Outside the Box of Christianity Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesHumans have an attribute that animals do not have: free will. In our lives, we are frequently presented with many opportunities to make our own choices, but what exactly fuels and supports our decision-making? Sometime s, we act impulsively for no reason, but for the most part, we are often influenced by various outside factors, such as past experiences, religious beliefs, or peer pressure, to make our choices. Emil Sinclair, the narrator of Herman Hesse’s bildungsroman Demian, is an example of anRead MorePlato s Interpretation Of Utopia1630 Words   |  7 Pagesenvisions the guardians as wise rulers whom are best placed in positions of absolute authority. Plato understood it to be the role of the guardians to be the select few who know what is best for society. On the other hand, Aristotle is not concerned with perfecting society. Aristotle emphasizes public and private realms and structures of society. This Plato and Aristotle by Carlos Cortiglia 2 Read MoreEssay about Nature in the Works of Emily Dickinson1368 Words   |  6 Pageswritten by nature, love, and death according to Anna Dunlap in her analysis. Dickinsons sister, Lavinia, is the one who published Dickinsons work, on her first attempt the editor that was responsible was taking her sweet time. This editor had Dickinsons work for two years so Lavinia decided to find another editor and Loomis Todd is the right person and editor for this job. Once Lavinia found the perfect publisher her brothers lover Mable Loomis Todd, who was responsible for the firstRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1326 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Fiction Analysis English Literature Essay In A Rose for Emily, William Faulkner tells the story of an old and lonely lady stuck in her own timeframe. Her controlling father died some thirty years ago and she has never quite found her own ground. Her house has become the most hideous looking home on the once most select street in the city. Previously elegant and white with scrolled balconies, it was now encroached with dust and decay. The people in Miss Emily s city gossip about her and pity

A Devastating Civil War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1153 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Decades of growing political tension around the issue of slavery between North and South culminated in the form of Civil War on April 12, 1861 when Confederate artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina which belonged to the Federal government. The war was fought from 1861 to 1865. It was a conflict which divided the United States into two parts: Union (North) which was led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Confederacy (South) which was commanded by Jefferson Davis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Devastating Civil War" essay for you Create order All the states involved in the war supported their sides valiantly. Both groups were eager to win and establish their way of law and order in the country. However, people in all states specially those residing in the Southern states such as Texas etc had to face enormous difficulties in this political based ruthless war which not only led to the bloodshed of thousands of men, women and children but also caused intense damage to the infrastructure and economy of US. In the US Civil War life in the Confederate states (South) was disastrous and the state of Alabama provided significant economic and military support for the Confederacy which it joined in 1861 after seceding from the Union. Life in the South during the Civil War was a time of almost universal suffering and sacrifice. For almost one million Southern men fought for the Confederacy, their lives were mixture of adventures and hardships. About one third of them aged between eighteen and twenty five. Just a few days into the war, these young men faced homesickness combined with reality of war: cold, hunger, bloodshed and boredom often interrupted with a great risk of death. However, not all men had to endure the tough sufferings of fighting. The Exemption clause in Confederacys Conscription act allowed thousands of urban men such as blacksmiths, shoe makers and tanners to stay back home due to keep the daily business and activity alive in Southern cities such as New Orleans and Montgomery. Before the Civil War, women were seldom seen as head of families. They lived under protection of their husbands or fathers and were expected to marry, have children and take care of the home. However, with the men on the battlefields, the women in the South assumed new responsibilities which were strenuous for them. They worked the fields on farms, supervised plantations, at ordinance factories , became teachers in schools and plenty of them served as nurses in the army to help wounded soldiers recover. They also got involved in activities such as making care packages for the soldiers in the war which consisted of food, clothing, blankets, boots and other essentials. During the war, many slaves armed themselves and started terrorizing white women and children since there were very few white men to stop them. A Louisiana native Kate Stone described in her journal that once three black Negroes armed with weapons broke into their house only to terrorize, loot and vandalize. (Yancey 40). This created a sense of isolation and terror among women. The South also suffered immense food shortages. The Union had imposed a complete blockade on Southern ports which stopped the flow of goods. It also faced heavy inflation levels due to extreme printing of money. Faced with the fear of not being able to afford what they needed, people started hoarding which made goods more valuable and added to the inflation. For example, flour which costed $6 a barrel in 1861 sold for $500 a barrel in 1865 (Yancey 22). The state of Alabama provided vital economic support for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Just like today, the economy of the state was mostly based on agriculture. Alabama was known as ?The Cotton King as cotton was grown in large amounts which helped in earning huge sums of money due to its high value as it is a cash crop. Although Union imposed a blockade in the South, cotton grown in Alabama was exported to Europe as raw material which helped to earn funds. Alabama also had fourteen mills by 1860, with the largest ones being in Tallassee and Prattville. During the war, the Tallassee mills supplied cloth for uniforms for the Confederate Army, and in 1863 a carbine rifle manufacturing facility also was constructed there. Alabamas antebellum metal manufacturing industries also played an important role. These factories not only provided jobs but manufactured iron sheets, tin and copper products agricultural and domestic consumption (Encyclopedia of Alabama). During the civil war , these factories provided pig iron to the ordinance factories in Selma to make weapons. Therefore, Alabama utilized all of its resources to increase Confederacys earnings. Alabamas military services for the confederacy are perhaps the most important of all. The Selma Ordnance and Naval Foundry, also known as the Selma Naval Foundry and Ironworks and the Selma Arsenal and Gun Works, was a leading manufacturing center for the South during the Civil War. It was a manufacturing depot for ammunition, shot, shell, canon, powder, canteens, and clothing. The ordinance factories also produced canons meant for coastal defense such as 6.4 and 11 of the 11 inch Brooke canons (Sledge 122). The gunboats Gains, Selma and Morgan and the famous CSS Tennessee were built and outfitted in Selma. These Confederate ships took part in the Battle of Mobile Bay. The worlds first submarine to sink a warship CSS Hunley was also built and tested in Mobile, Alabama. H.L Hunley with the help of an engineer McClintock who was from New Orleans designed two submarines. H.L Hunley imported sorely needed guns and ammunition from Cuba for the submarine (Walker 10). Manpower was Alabamas most significant military contribution to the Confederacy. Alabama sent more than 120,000 soldiers to fight and 29% of the men never returned home (Gillon 98). Thus it outlines, Alabamas big sacrifice for the South. Alabama produced one of the finest Confederate officers in both the army and navy. Alabama born Lt. Colonel John Pelham was given the title ?Gallant Pelham after the Battle of Fredericksburg due to his superb commanding techniques (Encyclopedia of Alabama). The famous war hero, General James Longstreet was one of most prominent generals in the Confederate army. Although he was not a native Alabamian, he moved to Morgan County in Northern Alabama with his mot her after his fathers death (Wert 25). Alabama provided the Confederacy with four major generals: John H. Forney, Henry D Calyton, Robert Rodes, Jones M Withers and commissioned 36 Brigadier Generals such as John Pegram and Alexander Peter Stewart (Alabama Department of Archives and History). The Civil War was devastating for the South. It left all states including Alabama in state of ruin. Approximately 620,000 people died in the war including the non combatants. People suffered all sorts of pain on both sides either by struggling to survive or by loosing loved ones. The State of Alabama performed a vital role and its sacrifices and services for the Confederate cause are priceless. The Civil War left the whole nation in shock and we should all vow to never let history repeat itself.

Social Media As A Marketing Tool - 1602 Words

The way that individuals and businesses communicate and interact has radically changed. With the development of technology and the internet, people can connect almost instantaneously and with very little effort. Social media has come to play a huge part in the way that the world communicates with each other. In fact, a recent report shows that in a single month people spend over 25 hours on social networks (â€Å"The Digital Consumer†). With consumers committing that much time to social media sites, social networking has become an important aspect of everyday life for individuals—and businesses. Like most marketing activities, social media marketing poses some risk. However, it is advantageous for businesses to exploit this opportunity, and develop an effective and ethical marketing strategy that includes using social media as a marketing tool. Discussion What is Social Media Marketing? Businesses use platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook as a modern tool to share information with their customers. Facebook offers the option for businesses to create a fan page for their company or product. Twitter allows the use of 140-character posts that users can follow, tweet, or retweet. Blogs are less commonly used, but allow businesses to write in journal type format. YouTube offers a video-library to its users with millions of viewers around the world. There are many other types of social media but most of them follow similar general communication capabilities. Utilizing theseShow MoreRelatedSocial Media As A Marketing Tool1373 Words   |  6 Pages Social Media as a Marketing Tool Recently, social media has become a global tool for social networking, data sharing and online accessing database. Due to its consistency features, social media has opened a wide place for businesses to implement their marketing strategy. Marketing which mostly occurs via social media is currently known as social media marketing. This strategy of marketing has made possible for companies to reach targeted consumers easily, efficiently and immediately. Besides itsRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Tool2218 Words   |  9 PagesScholars, especially in sociology and psychology have noted with immense concern the massive increase in the usage of social networking media over the past several years. This is illustrated by the fact that within eight years, the subscription and usage of Facebook had grown to almost a billion people. WhatsApp, on the other hand, has stood out as the most popular messenger application globally. Some recent studies revealed that it has become more popular th an Twitter with more than three hundredRead MoreSocial Media Marketing As A Marketing Tool Essay2125 Words   |  9 Pages SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING Social media marketing (SMM) is a form of internet marketing that uses social networking websites as a marketing tool. The main goal of Social media marketing is to produce such content that users will share with there social network so that company can increase brand exposure and can broaden costumer reach Social media marketing became popular with increase popularity of social networking websites such as twitter, Facebook, Myspace , Linkledin, Google+ and pinterset ADVANTAGESRead MoreSocial Media Marketing : An Important Marketing Tool3427 Words   |  14 Pagesproposal targets to inspect the significance of social media marketing of IT products specifically in United Kingdom. 1.2 – Introduction: The key purpose of this research proposal is to assess importance of social media marketing significantly of IT products in emerging marketing activities within Unite Kingdom. According to Kim Ko. (2012) social media marketing is an important and effective method utilised by modern marketers which improves different social networking websites to attract potential consumersRead MoreEssay On Social Media Marketing Tools1072 Words   |  5 Pages5 Social Media Marketing Tools Every App Owner Should Know About When app developers first built social media platforms, people saw it as a way of communicating and making new friends online. But gradually people began to use it for so many other purposes like marketing. Now marketers use it to reach out to their target audience because social media has a wider reach than any other outlet. App developers India experts are now developing more social media platforms, and this is changing the wayRead MoreSocial Media as an Effective Marketing Tool1235 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media can be used in very creative ways to market goods or services globally. Conducting business in other countries has been accelerated by various media platforms. Global marketing involves many challenges, and also involves a degree of corporate social responsibility. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, instant messaging, video conferencing, web meetings: These and many other collaboration and social media platforms are now an everyday part of people’s lives around the world. They are alsoRead MoreCase Study: Social Media As A Marketing Tool9803 Words   |  39 Pagesï » ¿Social Media: A tool Business Engagement TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Chapter 1: Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 1.1 A Brief History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 2.1 Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2.2 - Social media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.3 Facebook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 2.4 - Twitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.5 - YouTube †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 2.6 - LinkedIn †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 2.7- Flickr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Read MoreBest Free And Easy Tools For Social Media Marketing790 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 5: Best Free and Easy Tools for Social Media Marketing Is it true that you are hoping to reduce your social media marketing and SEO costs? Social networks are an extraordinary, financially savvy approach to get your image before fans and potential clients. SEO and social media marketing will permit you to share content with no expense! SEO and social media marketing offer progressed, yet moderate promoting stages you can use to focus on your customers with demographic, keywords and alsoRead MoreUse of Social Media Marketing Tools by Non-Profit Organizations3392 Words   |  14 Pages Social media marketing is a simple option to add to the current promotional tactics being used by an organization. It is no longer optional; social media is mandatory for nonprofit organizations (Stengel). Studies have shown that many people think social media techniques complement traditional media; even more believe that blogs and social media influence the news coverage in traditional media tactics (Wright and Hinson 2008). There are a number of professionals that believe embracing social mediaRead MoreThe American Legion s Product Development By Implementing Social Media As A Marketing Tool2169 Words   |  9 PagesI suggest that the American legion begins to use are to attempt product development by implementing social media as a marketing tool. By using social media as a huge part of the marketing this allows the American Legion to see exactly how many people are viewing their ads. It also gives them the chance to customize who they exactly want to target. This can allow for less â€Å"old school† marketing such as magazines, post cards, newspapers, or ads which all of these allowed the Legion to waste of lot

Essay on Total Quality Management

Question: Write an essay on "Total Quality Management". Answer: Introduction Total Quality management is the most structured and comprehensive approaches used by the organisational management to improve the quality of the products or services through the refinements and extracting feedbacks. As opined by Yunis, Jung and Chen (2013), the total quality management is the structured method used by the companies to establish the organisational standards. For instance, the ISO 9000 is an organisational standard that improves the management practices, which are necessary for improving the quality of the products and services (Koupaei and Movahedi 2014). However, it is to be indicated that the emergence of the globalisation demands for the improved quality assurances approved by the quality standards. Hence, some of the changes within the organisation are much foreseen in this current era. The study will be associated with the changes in the TQM process due to the globalisation effects. The study will be discussing the effects of globalisation in the workplaces that have been changing the functionality in a significant way. The analytical essay will be structuring the key theme and concept of the subject matter by including the theoretical perspectives. Discussion The internationalisation and the total quality management are somewhat interlinked to each other. According to Mangal (2013), quality management procedure serves as the primary and mandatory requirement for promoting internationalisation. During the rise of the globalising economy, the organisations in different countries ought to undertake the outward movement of global operations, which is termed as internationalisation. Singh and Singh (2014) suggested that during the engagement of the organisational activities with the internationalised standards, the improvement of the quality standards within the firm is essential. Kedar and Borikar (2016) argued that the achievement of the competitive quality standards in the international market is not so easy process; rather it is defined as the revolutionary method of organisational development. There are four main stages of considering quality progress, such as inspection of the quality, controlling the quality, quality assurance, and tota l quality management. In the first place, as stated by Haugland (2015), inspection and quality control are the initial stages for starting up the improvement process within an organisation. In this stage, the organisation can detect the variations from the quality standards. In considering the effects of the globalisation in the changing management functions, it can be indicated that the globalisation signifies the diversified environment of different needs of the customers (Miranda Silva et al. 2014). Hence, the organisations also need to bring the changes in the quality management procedure to satisfy the customers. In fact, due to the effects of the globalisation, the organisational functionalities are changing by concentrating on the sensitivity and cultures. In supporting such statement, Batra et al. (2014) indicated that the organisational practices related to the supplier managements, productivity, and the technological assimilations are also changing. However, it is also muc h important to note that the TQM is no longer serving as the integral functions in an organisation of a single country. Many of the companies are associated with such procedures having influenced by the globalisation. TQM is a process of continuous changes within an organisation. The emergence of globalisation has been influencing the organisational functions in various ways. Hirst Thompson and Bromley (2015) shed lights on one aspect regarding the growth potentiality in the foreign developing market. Due to the globalisation, the extreme growth in the foreign exchange rates has been influencing the foreign competition in the local markets. Hence, the small and medium enterprises have been availing the opportunities of upgrading the operational activities and international business expansion (Peter, Svejnar and Terrell 2012). More specifically the growth in the foreign demands helps in developing the global network of manufacturing business. The effects of globalisation have been influencing the customer demands in a frequent manner, which is quite problematic for the manufacturing companies to create the product life-cycle. Potrafke (2013) revealed that while the scenario is influenced by the glo bal effects, the managers usually face the difficulties in making relevant decisions related to the resource allocation. For example, Apple Inc. has built global engineering infrastructure and manufacturing network facilities in Singapore, California, and Ireland. On the other hand, the network has been permitting Apple Inc. to introduce the new products in the markets of Europe, America, and Asia. Hence, Apple Inc. needs to learn about the product development and the production management process, which is necessary for transferring the knowledge to other companies worldwide (Iimm.org 2016). These state-of-the-art techniques are quiet influencing for improving the TQM process within an organisational. The effects of the globalisation are also reflected in the implementation of the modified technologies used in the organisations. In the last decade, due to globalisation, a limited numbers of the producers could maintain the diversity among the products or the services. It has been seen that the structure of the product life cycle has become more complex and the differentiations have minimised (De Mooij, 2013). The import source has been extended to Japan and other new industrialised countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and South Korea. Due to the technological changes, the emergence of the low cost manufacturing locations and diffusions of technical knowledge has been found. Hence, the multinational firms are concentrating on improving the multiple sources of technologies associated in the internationalised companies. Another most recognised change in the TQM process is the capabilities of accepting the modified technologies. Wang, Chen and Chen (2012) identified that the e ffects of the globalisation is inviting more competitions among the firms and the technological changes are setting the higher standards of the firms accordingly. Recognising such requirements, the management has been trying to improve their training and development session to enhance the acceptability of such technological changes. The skilful attributes related to the amended technical absorptions is quite fruitful for the higher growth in productivity. In fact, as stated by Vakola, Armenakis and Oreg (2013), the organisations have been selling the customized products and services to facilitate profitability. In concentration on Demings Theory of TQM process, the improvisation of several segments in the organisational management has been found more specifically (Potrafke 2013). As Shewart Cycle has been identifying the system analysis of plan-do-check-act, it is important to recognise the work efforts that are influencing the management practices. However, the theory has been mainly focusing on the knowledge based approaches. Firstly, the system appreciation is the process of understanding the process and work system of the company. Secondly, as defined by Peter, Svejnar and Terrell (2012), variation knowledge is presenting the clear understanding of the occurrence of diversified situations. However, the diversified points related to the Demings theory of TQM are signifying the improvisation of the classified segmentations. These specified points are creating the consistency, eliminating the mass dependencies, adopting the new philosophies, bringing the cutting-edge of job training, and i mplementing the cutting age of leadership methods. In shedding lights on these aspects, it can be inferred that the effects of globalisation has been improving the diversified management practices. The globalisation effects are even creating the fruitful impact on the ISO standards, which results the modification of the rules associated with the organisational improvements. It is to be seen that the current requirements of the quality standards lead towards the changing rules in the ISO standards and the improvised version is known as ISO 9001:2015. One of the major reasons behind such modifications in the ISO standards is the changing demands of the customers due to globalisation. Business companies have been facing the potential changes since the business processes have been signifying the changes. The increasing levels of the globalisation the organisational processes and in most of the cases, the organisations deal with the complex supply chain management. The increasing level of the customers; expectations are also much concerned in such cases. Since, the society demands for more access in the information technologies; it is required to improvise the ISO standards by keepi ng the requirements on mind. The major differences between the ISO 9001 and ISO 9001:2015 are found in the new structures. Hirst, Thompson and Bromley (2015) defined that the latest and upgraded version of the ISO standards is quite easier since it is assembled with multiple management systems. Another most recognisable change is found in the risk-based thinking. It is noted that the updated version of ISO standards has been increasing the prominence. Therefore, the organisation can easily recognise the exact procedure of management practices that can improve the overall quality of the business. However, this latest version of the ISO standards is quite beneficial for the organisations. Firstly, ISO 9001:2015 helps in keeping great emphasize in engaging the leaders in the organisational practices (Iso.org 2016). The amended version is associated with simple languages and ordinary structure, which are quite helpful for the organisation to use the multiple management systems. ISO 9001:2015 is user-friendly and add ressing the supply chain management in a very detailed manner. It is to be indicated that the fast moving world has been concerning the changes in the functional activities that are much compartmentalised. In fact, the operation and logistic managers are not limiting their cooperativeness in the product distribution system is also much improvised. Haugland (2015) identified that the integration management is improvised through the flow of the considerable management. It is to be noted that the management is even responsible for research and development functions. Due to the improvised structure of the Total Quality Management, the functional areas are also being improvised. For example, the company like Renault in Europe was associated with two different teams. One of the team was dealing with the RD departments and other team was associated with logistic groups. The effects of the globalisation has been somewhat affecting the logistics management as well. The management comprehends the competitive priorities in the manufacturing industries (Ked ar and Borikar 2016). However, it is important to note that due to the sophisticated demands, the organisations have been improving the training and development standards as well. The modification of the organisational policies are somewhat affecting the work practices of the workforces. However, it is quite significant that the improvised standards are helpful enough in making the corporations more competitive (Mangal 2013). It has been seen that the employees are being able to acquire the ability of adopting new technologies and processes for determining the sophisticated and changeable demands of the customers worldwide. It is to be noted that the companies can get the frequent access in the overseas corporations that have been offering the outsourcing process. In such cases the workers can get more wages in compare to their labour that has been spent on completing any particular work. More specifically, it has been seen that the countries with lower cost of living are availing the opportunities to deal with effective services by reducing the rate from the services offered in the countries with higher cost of living (Peter, Svejnar and Terrell 2012). However, in some of the ways, the workers are affected as well due to such differentiations. However, the upcoming changes may provide some extra benefits that can resolve such issues eventually. Conclusion The study has been dealing with the effects of globalisation on the TQM practices implemented in the organisations. The TQM process is considered as the frequent improvement of the entire management system, It is important to note that the globalisation has set a different standard in the corporations. Moreover, the emergence of the globalisation has been signifying the drastic changes in the management practices, which are foreseen in this current era of business. However, the changes in the foreign business dealing, technological adaptations, training purposes, research and development process, and higher standards of the organisational management have become prominent. However, due to such drastic changes, the amendments in the ISO standards have also found. The associated opportunities and threats are creating both the positive and negative influences on the business organisation someway or other. Hence, it is to be notified that the increasing demands of the customers are the ma jor focus, which is redefined by the emergence of globalisations. Accordingly, the TQM process serves as the driving force for fulfilling the frequent changing demands of the business stakeholders. References Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Ramachander, S., 2014. Effects of brand local and non-local origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries.Journal of consumer psychology,9, pp.83-95. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Sage Publications. Haugland, S.A., 2015. Total Quality Management in International Distribution Channels. InProceedings of the 1993 World Marketing Congress(pp. 140-145). Springer International Publishing. Hirst, P., Thompson, G. and Bromley, S., 2015.Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Iimm.org. 2016.Globalisation and its Effects on SCM. [online] Iimm.org. Kedar, A.P. and Borikar, V.N., 2016. Critical Success Factors for Effective Implementation of TQM TPM.International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology,2(9), pp.160-164. Koupaei, M. and Movahedi, M., 2014. An investigation on the effects of business intelligence and enterprise resources planning on TQM.Uncertain Supply Chain Management,2(3), pp.191-198. Mangal, D., 2013. Supply Chain Management-A Quality Improving Tool in Process Industries.International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering Management (IJAIEM),2(1), pp.149-154. Miranda Silva, G., J. Gomes, P., Filipe Lages, L. and Lopes Pereira, Z., 2014. The role of TQM in strategic product innovation: an empirical assessment.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(10), pp.1307-1337. Peter, K.S., Svejnar, J. and Terrell, K., 2012. Foreign investment, corporate ownership, and development: Are firms in emerging markets catching up to the world standard?.Review of Economics and Statistics,94(4), pp.981-999. Potrafke, N., 2013. Globalization and labor market institutions: International empirical evidence.Journal of Comparative Economics,41(3), pp.829-842. Singh, H. and Singh, B., 2014. Total quality management: todays business excellence strategy.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences (ILSHS),21, pp.188-196. Vakola, M., Armenakis, A. and Oreg, S., 2013. Reactions to organizational change from an individual differences perspective: A review of empirical research.The Psychology of Organizational Change: Viewing Change from the Employee's Perspective, pp.95-122.

Non-directive interviews Essay Example

Non-directive interviews Essay There are a number of different research methods I can use for my primary research, but I have decided that the methods that will benefit my research are: questionnaires, non-directive interviews and structured interviews I am going to begin with a pilot study before going onto my interviews. By doing this I should be able to obtain some valuable information which I will be able to put into numerical form e.g. pie charts, statistics and percentages.This is a big advantage as I will be able to compare data easily and it will give me a better understanding of what teenage girls feel about the pressures of dieting. Questionnaires are also a cheap, efficient and fast method for obtaining large amounts of information, which is helpful to me, as I do not have much time to carry out my primary research. Potentially, information can be collected from a large portion of a group, but this potential is not often realized as returns from questionnaires are usually low.For example, postal questionnaires are a relatively inexpensive method of obtaining information but often only a very small percent of the sample return them and those who do often have a special reason for doing so which makes the results untypical as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-directive interviews specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Non-directive interviews specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Non-directive interviews specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is why I have decided not to send postal questionnaires but to give them to girls at my school instead, this way I will be able to make sure that everyone returns their completed form to me. I am going to use random sampling in order for my results to be more representative of teenage girls as a whole. I will go through a register for each year group from years 7-13 and cross of every third name until I have ten names from each year. I will then give each person a questionnaire to fill out.However, there are some disadvantages of using questionnaires in my study. Respondents may answer superficially especially if the questionnaire takes a long time to complete, so I will make sure that the common mistake of asking too many questions is avoided. Great care must also be taken when wording the questions so there is no bias, or words that some people may misinterpret or not understand. If this happens my results may not be as representative or accurate as they could be. I will also avoid including open-ended questions as these can generate large amounts of data that can take a long time to process and analyse.Some girls may not be willing to answer some of the questions as my project is on quite a sensitive topic, especially for girls. So I will ask them to reply honestly and tell them that the questionnaire is anonymous. My second research method is unstructured interviews. With non-directive interviews there are few problems of misunderstanding or misinterpretation and the interviewee is not restricted to set questions like in questionnaires, they can really say how they feel. The respondent is in control of the content of the interview and is free to explore any aspect of the topic they want. This will give me a more in-depth and detailed insight into the real thoughts and feelings of the interviewee.However, there are a few disadvantages with using this method. By using an unstructured interview it is difficult to generalise as it is a small sample, and in my case only one persons opinion. This also makes it harder to analyse or make any generalisation that all girls feel the same way as the respondent does. There could also be interviewer bias which is quite a big disadvantage. I could in some way influence or direct the answers given by the interviewee, therefore the respondent may change their answer according to the type of question given. But if I am careful with how I phrase and say my questions, I should be able to avoid any interviewer bias.My third research method is structured interviews. The advantage of structured interviews is that they allow the exploration of specific topics, while allowing people to tell the interviewer what they think is important. I am going to video- tape the opinions of five teenage girls on dieting and the media. I aim to find out if they feel pressured at all by the media to be slim and how far they have taken dieting in order to achieve this media image of the perfect female body. I think it will be interesting to see how their answers compare and differ by asking the same questions to five different girls.Structured interviews give the respondent the chance to speak for themselves about the topic and the chance to clarify complex questions. However success depends on the skill of the interviewer, but I will spend time making sure that the questions I ask will be beneficial to my project. Another disadvantage is that I may give out unconscious signals to the respondent which may lead them to change their reply. Another problem is that I might only follow up my areas of interest there fore restricting the respondents answers. These interviews can also be very time consuming, so I have only decided to interview five people for my study.There are some types of primary research which I have decided not to use. Methods such as longitudinal studies and participant observation would require a great amount of time which I would like to have, but have not got enough time to carry out properly. A longitudinal study is an ideal way of understanding social life at one point in time, but in order to understand social life in the present it is essential to see it as a development from the past. This method requires a picture of social life over a long time which is not possible for me to do.With participant observation the number of people observed is small therefore generalisations are not possible. This method would not be very useful to my project either, as it would be hard to observe peoples eating habits without asking personal questions about weight etc and many people would find covert observation for my topic unethical. A case study could be a good source of primary data for me to use as they can give a more detailed picture than research based on large samples. However, as they are seen as one off examples they cannot be seen as representative. They are also quite time consuming. I am confident that my chosen research methods will provide me with some valuable information from which I can analyse and draw a conclusion from.

The Time Machine by H. G. Wells essays

The Time Machine by H. G. Wells essays Let me start off this essay by saying that I believe H.G. (Herbert George) Wells is one of the most intelligent writers of his time: a true futurist. Obviously, I read The Time Machine by H.G. Wells and I would like to say that it was extremely well-written and sounds as though it was written fairly recently. It may just sound this way because the human race has not really tried Time Traveling. The theme of The Time Traveler is, as I see it: Think about what you are doing before doing it. The Time Traveler should have thought his journey through and taken precautions for everything that could possibly go wrong, or right for that matter. If he had done this, I am sure he would have had a camera, matches (to fight off the Morlocks), cigars (he constantly longs for them throughout the novel) and of course, his machine would not have been captured by the Morlocks. The main characters in The Time Machine were The Time Traveler, Weena (an Eloi who The Time Traveler rescued), the Eloi as a race and the Morlocks as a race. Now that you know the main characters, I will explain their purpose in the novel and their behaviors. Weena was by far the most interesting character in the novel. She was an Eloi who was drowning while trying to bathe in a river. The Time Traveler quickly jumped into the river and rescued her. Weena then started following The Time Traveler everywhere during his explorations. He learned about the Eloi people and their language and the Morlocks from Weena. The Time Traveler was definitely intelligent. He figured out a way to travel through time! He was also a very charming, rich and friendly man, a little too anxious and curious, I would say. His anxiousness made him go to another time unprepared, nothing with him but a package of matches. The Morlocks are a futuristic equivalent to our current day primates-just uglier, smellie r and they live underground. They are very aggressive and are blinded by even weak sources of lig...

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final exam - Essay Example These Asian economies enjoy a number of natural and artificial factors. These factors have positioned both China and India at a far much better place to benefit from the idea of globalization. The goodwill portrayed by the political leadership has threefold accentuated the embrace and utilization of globalization to its best. Cummings Inc, being company based in Columbus and majoring in production of world class engines that enable power and run world economies, stand a chance to feel, in full force, the impact of Indian and Chinese presence in the American Market. Cummings Inc is global and this directly translates that it is competing for the same resources and same market which India and china are trying to venture in. It is noted with a lot of concern that China and India have penetrated nearly in all parts which were predominantly American markets and hence companies in America, including Cummings Inc has to review its strategies for it to compete effectively in the 21st century market. Opportunities presented by Influx of Indian and Chinese Activities to Cummings Inc Outsourcing China and India account for approximated two billion of the world’s population. Outsourcing has been very common of late. Many USA companies are finding it far much cheaper to get work done in India and china than in USA. This is business and Cummings Inc has to adapt to these radical changes. ... These governments are doing anything possible to see increase of job opportunities. As mentioned in the earlier, they hold a large population and this population need food, shelter and clothing. Life standards need not only to be achieved but also guaranteed and of quality. The political leadership in these two countries knows that it’s only through a better life that stability can be maintained. For this reason, they endeavor to welcome any investor to invest in their labor affordable market. Cummings hence has an opportunity to save a lot if at all it opts to shift some of its operations in China or India. In fact, it is very viable. These countries are considerably technologically sound and as one of the business activities of Cummings Inc is to design, then the designs can be taken to china or India for production. Market Cummings makes products which drive economies. China and India presents the largest market for any product. They are growing economies and definitely nee d these products from Cummings. The international agreements signed for doing business will enable Cummings to export its products with a lot of ease to China and India. It presents a rare opportunity for exponential kid of growth. Recommendations to the Company Firstly, I recommend that Cummings Inc to outsource in India or China. The standard of living in these countries is relatively low and hence Cummings will benefit from a reduced cost of production. A low cost of production directly translates to a stiff competition of the Cummings’ products in the global market. Cummings Inc ought to open up more dealer outlets of its products in China and India. This is beneficial in a way that the large population provides a ready market. The industrial growing state of these two countries

Explain the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics. How Essay

Explain the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics. How are these two fields related - Essay Example In contrast, Macroeconomics is concerned with the national economy as a whole and provides a basic understanding of how things work in the economy. Microeconomics can be defined as the branch of economics in which we study about individual aspects like a firm or household. It is concerned with individuals making their choice about what is to be produced, how and for whom it is to be produced, and what price should be charged for it. Micro economics deals with the economic action and behavior of individual units and small groups of an economy (Sloman and Garratt, 2010). It covers the following fields of the study: Price Theory Theory of Consumer Behavior Theory of Behavior of Firms Theory of Production Microeconomics has many theoretical as well as practical advantages. Few of them are: It helps in understanding the working of a free market economy It provides us a way for efficient employment of resources It covers some of the problems of taxation. It guides Business Executives in at taining maximum productivity Macro economics deals with the behavior or working of the whole economic system. It is the study of aggregates or averages covering the entire economy. In contrast to microeconomics, macroeconomics is concerned with the conduct, arrangement decision-making performance of the entire economy. Macroeconomists studies the relationship between the following: National income National Output Total Savings Total Investment Total Consumption Total Unemployment International trade International finance By definition, Macroeconomics is very wide in its scope and study as it deals with the problems of unemployment, economic fluctuations, inflation, and deflation. It is concerned with the effects of investment on total output, total income, and aggregate employment. The monetary discipline of the macroeconomics examines and analyzes the effect of the total quantity of money on the general price level. In the international trade sphere, it deals with the problems of b alance of payments and foreign aid. The field of macroeconomics provides us fundamental theories which can help us in preventing depressions and recessions by allowing governments to formulate adjustments through changes within the macroeconomic policies (McConnel and Brue, 1997). These policies are in general the monetary policy and fiscal policy of the state. The major differences that exist between micro and macro-economics are discussed briefly as follows (Mbaknol, 2011): S. No. Micro-economics Macro-economics 1. Aggregation Level Economy’s individual units are studied, like a particular product, a particular firm, etc. Problems of the economy are studied as a whole. The aggregates are studied, like national income, aggregate savings, etc. 2. Objectives Principles, problems and policies that are related to the best distribution of resources are studied in it. In it the principles, policies and problems relating to the full employment of the resources and the development o f those resources are covered. 3. Focus Price determination, Equilibrium of Consumer, Welfare and allocation of resources is dealt. National income, full employment, trade cycles, general price-level, economic growth, etc are dealt here. 4. Assumptions Ways for allocation of production and factors of production

Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay

Adult Mental Health And Professional Practice Social Work Essay Within my assignment I will demonstrate my understanding of mental health and the direct correlation to my professional practice. I will clearly define and critically evaluate two of the dominant perspectives which are significant in mental health theory and practice, the biomedical and the social causation perspective. By explaining my practice with regards to the case scenario 1 Ahmed, I will substantiate my understanding of both perspectives, examining the advantages and disadvantages of each by considering how I might undertake and assessment and how I might address issues identified from the case scenario including the impact of discrimination and the importance of anti oppressive practice. I will evidence my knowledge and understanding of relevant issues including reflecting the perspective of the individual, by drawing up an intervention plan, including identifying clearly my understanding of the legal framework within which I would practice. Issues of mental health are approached from a variety of different perspectives and using a variety of different terminologies. Many have the greatest confidence in scientific or biological approaches, whilst others prefer more holistic or social approaches. The biomedical medical model of mental health has been dominant simply because the dominant profession is psychiatry. Psychiatrists are medically trained and therefore tend to see the main purpose behind their work as the diagnosis and treatment of illness or disorder (Rogers and Pilgrim,2005).The simplistic view of cause and effect whilst beneficial if you have broken your leg or have diabetes, is not the same for mental illness. There are organic brain diseases or illnesses such as epilepsy and huntingdons chorea which may manifest in symptoms often associated with mental illness (Rethink,2007) and therefore it is vital that the possibility of underlying physical causes are examined. The bio medical model utilises ideas of a single underlying cause and therefore treatment of the cause will lead to a return to the pre existing state(Wade and Hallingan,2004).Another assumption is of a normal existing state, and therefore an ability to measure evidence of abnormality thus concluding w ith a diagnosis. Traditional bio medical models focus on the pathology of the illness rather than understanding the illness whether it is biological, social or psychological. Criticism of the biomedical model is that it is a simplistic model in a very complex arena. Reductionist explanations of mental health reduce mental health issues to the smallest possible factors, simplistic but clearly flawed (Crossley,2006). One of the most predominant arguments is the involvement of environmental factors in shaping our behaviour. A persons environment can shape their behaviour and this is a constant process. An individual may be born with certain genes but environmental factors such as society and a persons family can shape further behaviour (Nettleton, 2006). In reducing a concept to its component parts and simplest terms many important aspects are overlooked. Individual factors are hard to explain under reductionism, because reductionist explanations generalise behaviour. Each individual is unique and responds differently. A reductionist explanation would be genetics, but the same behaviour in two people could be caused by separate environmental and biological f actors and therefore limiting the reductionist explanation (Crossley,2006). Reductionist explanations can be useful, by reducing complicated concepts to their component parts but sometimes this offers a simple solution to an otherwise more complicated problem. For example giving anti-depressants to someone who is depressed may seem like the most favourable solution, but this may overlook the real problem such as bereavement, financial or work problems. Iatrogenesis is another arena that is problematic for the bio medical model. Iatrogenisis is often associated with adverse effects resulting from medical interventions (Heller et al, 1996) but can and is viewed as the direct result of the intervention which impedes a persons recovery, and therefore could include psychiatry which is the predominant force in the bio medical model. Labelling with regards to mental health diagnosis is another criticism of the bio medical model. Scheff (1999) understands mental illness as a result of societal labelling. Simplistic put, society has views on what is socially norm and acceptable, any deviation from these norms, results in a label of mental illness. The social causation model suggests links between social disadvantage and mental health problems. These social disadvantages are prevelant in many areas education, health, employment, income and social inclusion. Poverty and social class have been determined as the two significant factors of social causation and the link to mental illness (Murali and Oyebode, 2004). Lynch et al (1997) found people living with financial difficulties on a long-term basis, were much more likely to suffer from clinical depression than those who did not. Studies into mental health suggest there are stressors associated with low status and this creates an environment for increased risk of developing mental health problems. Payne(1999) in the 1999 PSE study provides evidence that people who live with various aspects of poverty, deprivation, unemployment and social exclusion are more likely to have mental health problems, although the relationship between poor mental health and these aspects are complex. I will examine employment in more detail. Research shows that less than 40% of employers would consider employing a person with a mental health issue (Rethink, 2009).Consequently the prejudice and discrimination people face as a result of a mental health diagnosis presents problems in itself. In 2002/ 2003The Citizens Advice Bureau conducted research regarding social exclusion and mental health and their results were stark. 60% of people with mental health problems gave up work as a result of discrimination, prejudice and stigma. 61% per cent of male adults with a psychiatric disorder are in full-time or part-time employment. Whereas the figure is 75% of men with no psychiatric disorder (Mind,2010b). If an individual has maintained a job or found employment then if they are affected by relapses this again impacts financially. With these statistics in mind it is clear to see that many who experience mental health issues will also be affected by economic hardship. Living on state benefits and sometimes less, as a result of an inflexible benefit system, can also result in a vicious circle of deprivation and poverty in all aspects of their lives, not only economic but in health, social activity and participation. The social causation model defined within the social model needs to be understood by practitioners as it acknowledges the experiences of individuals, as well as being the springboard for challenging the socio political environment which contributes to social problems, which in turn impact on an individuals mental health. This is fundamental for practitioners as one of the key roles of social workers is to challenge and champion social and political change (Horner,2006).According to Rogers and Pilgrim (2006) race, gender and age are all areas of disadvantage than can be investigated via social causation. This would support the findings of several studies which highlight the relationship between some of the identified areas and poor mental health. Examples to illustrate these links are, Irish men have three times higher psychiatric admission rates than the general population (Fitzptrick, 2005); women are more likely to be treated for mental health problems than men (Mental Health Found ation, no date) and in research by Beecham et al (2008) it was identified that fewer than 10% of older people with clinical depression were referred to specialist mental health services compared with about 50% of younger adults. These stark differentials question the basis of these statistical differences and one explanation is social causation. In recent years there has been a shift in Mental Health legislation. Although the Mental Health Act 1983 remains the primary legislation, there has been the addition of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 which provides a legal framework to protect individuals who lack, or may lack capacity. The Mental Health Act 2007 amended the MHA 1983 and the MCA 2005. Along with these amendments to legislation there has also been a radical shift in policy documents from central Government. These policy shifts demonstrate the need to understand mental health in a more holistic context. The emphasis is shifting from purely medical perspectives with a recognition of how the social perspective has an impact on a persons mental health well being. A plethora of policies from government such as Tackling Health Inequalities (DOH, 2001); Working Together UK Action Plan on Social Inclusion(DWP, 2008) and Child Poverty Review(H.M. Treasury,2004) have been designed to tackle social inequalities such as health, in come, work and education as well as a recognition for the need for more person centred approaches to delivering services. This does not detract from the clear message from legislation that risk and public safety are of paramount importance. The debates about care or control and rights versus risk are ever present particularly with high profile cases such as Christopher Clunis and Michael Stone were pivotal in the changes to the Mental Health Act in 2007. The Mental Health Alliance (2006) maintain that legislative reforms which enables individuals to access services within the mental health arena when they need it, as opposed to imposing treatment, would be a more viable option and address the issue of risk in a more proactive way. The Mental Health Act 1983 still remains the overarching legislation regarding mental health in the England today and is the only piece of legislation that permits the detention of an individual before they have committed an offence and purely on the basis that they might pose a threat to themselves or others(Golightly,2008).The changes in 2007 allowed for approved mental health professionals rather than the traditional approved social workers. One could argue that if this is eradication of the social worker role and the move to further medicalise mental health (as the approved mental health professional can be health background rather than social care). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 might be viewed by some as contradicting the Mental Health Act 1983. After all a person suspected of having a mental illness may fulfil the section 3 test of capacity under the Act, and under the principles of the act is able to make unwise decisions, but the Act makes no stipulation regarding these unwise decisions. Clearly committing a criminal offence is an unwise decision and a person committing the offence could clearly know and understand their action and face consequences laid down under criminal justice legislation. Under the Mental Health Act a person is not required to have committed an offence to be detained, a suspicion of possible harm to self or others is enough to warrant a section 2 assessment for involuntary admission. This arena has been addressed with and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 amendment to the Mental Health Act 1983 whereby an individual cannot refuse treatment if that treatment is deemed necessary under the conditions of the Men tal Health Act in that the MHA effectively overrides the MCA if the person is or deemed to be mentally ill. This is a contradiction regarding any other forms of medical treatment for a physical condition such as treatment for cancer or radical surgery(if a person meets the capacity assessment criteria), a person can refuse treatment for any other physical health condition but not for mental illness as a person can be detained to compulsory treat. New Horizons is a cross government programme which was launched in 2000 which identified not only the need of improved mental health services but the recognition the importance of maintaining good mental health and well being for everyone and covers childhood to old age (DOH,2009). It clearly recognises the impact of social factors aiming to address social inequalities identifying health, education and employment as important factors in an individuals well being and the impact on mental health. The Mental Health Act 1983 is the primary legislation which covers the assessment, detention, treatment and rights of people with a mental health condition. Following the psychiatric model the practitioner would need to make an assessment of Ahmeds functioning identify the signs and symptoms which he is exhibiting for Ahmed these would be his day to day functioning he has rent arrears, utilities have been cut off; personal care evidence suggests he lives on takeaways; social functioning he is a loner and he goes into the town centre shouting apparently aggressive; thoughts he appears to be having delusions that his mother is not his real mother, and possibly hallucinations evidenced with him shouting, but not directed at anyone. The psychiatric model uses judgements of normal which are not objective, but on agreed standards of normal within a cultural and social context (Esyenck,1994 and Giddens,1997). But the question has to be who is the predominant force in that society and how does this impact on individuals from differing cultural backgrounds in the teat of normality. Although the case study has not specified Ahmeds cultural background it is an area which needs due consideration. There are discussions regarding psychiatry as being colour blind and culture blind. Fernando(2002) examines the rationale for these concepts in relation to hearing voices, and explains perhaps cultural stereotypes which do not consider multi cultural dimensions are responsible. Fernando(2002) draws upon the studies relating to high proportions of British African Caribbean men being labelled as aggressive, perhaps due to the appearance or interpretation of symptoms leading others to define the symptoms within the mental health arena (Nazroo and King, 2002). Fernando (2002) expounds further by explaining this could also be related to society norms. The norms are dictated by the predominant forces within society. When individuals do not conform to social norms they are subject to sanctions in order to ensure conformity this is evident within the legal justice system a person commits a crime a punishment a fine or community service order or prison sentence is served. The parallels for m ental health could be seen that if a person does not conform then admission to hospital, intervention and treatment may be viewed as the sanctions to deviating from those perceived norms. Risk management is a highly politicised area with the primary objective in the political arena to manage risk, whilst improved outcomes for individuals appears to be in secondary (Holloway,1996). Holloway(1996) goes on to say in order to understand and therefore manage the risk then as a practitioner you need a very detailed understanding of the individual. Good practice regarding risk management is about a clear foundation for the decision and an expectation for the proposed outcome, as well as provision for change if the intended outcome does not occur (Petch,2001). A discussion with Ahmed regarding voluntary admission for assessment and treatment would be deemed appropriate given the assessment. The Mental Health Act 1983 clearly states in section 131 that voluntary admission should always be used if the person is willing. Should Ahmed resist treatment and admission to hospital then it would be necessary to address the need for detention under section 2 of the act. This provision is made with the agreement of 2 doctors ideally one who knows Ahmed perhaps his GP, and an approved mental health professional (AMHP). Under the Mental Health Act 1983 section 2 allows involuntary admission to hospital for assessment and treatment. Under section 2 Ahmed does not have the right to refuse treatment. Once Ahmed is admitted to hospital then assessment for a diagnosis would be paramount. The two diagnostic and classification tools used in modern psychiatry are the DSM IV codes and ICD 10 codes (Bolton, 2008). Although there are differences in these codes, the premise for these codes and outcomes are the same. These codes represent the bio medical model, the reduction of the illness to signs and symptoms to which a psychiatrist can determine a diagnosis and treatment based on that diagnosis. Whilst this may be useful for organic brain disorders for the majority of mental health problems where there is no definitive biological condition, the diagnosis simply reflects the individuals reflections on how they think and feel. The treatment plan would be developed based on the assessment outcome (diagnosis). Often treatment ranges are limited with a high emphasis on drug interventions, where the primary objective is to stabilise Ahmeds mental health condition in an effort to return him to a functional state. This medicalised response and the use of drugs could be viewed as a means of social control (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2005). By drawing on the theory of social causation this would enable me to support Ahmed to analyse the issues he is facing in a non judgemental way. Oppression and discrimination is observed in the lives of people from marginalised groups (Dalrymple and Burke,1995) and as practitioners we have an obligation to challenge discrimination and oppression. Personal experiences are clearly associated with social, cultural, political and economic divisions and therefore understanding these areas in context to the individual is vital in understanding and challenging the oppression and discrimination they may encounter (Adams et al, 2002). The stigma attached from having mental health problems cannot be underestimated. Research by the Department of Health Attitudes to Mental Illness in 2007 showed that whilst many of the negative pre conceived ideas and beliefs held by society about people with a mental health illness were diminishing, but the changes year on year were not significant. This may be due to education and understanding of mental illness and the understanding of the effects of discrimination and stigma. The Time to Change Programme (2008) is by its own admission, nationally and globally the most ambitious plan to stamp out discrimination faced by people with mental illness. Stigma poses a threat to all aspects of an individuals life if diagnosed with a mental illness, they contribute to social isolation, distress and difficulties gaining and maintaining employment. In a survey by Crisp and Gelder (2000) discovered there were consistent themes of perceptions of people who had a mental illness. Some views were common amongst the several diagnoses, namely they were difficult to talk to and they were unpredictable to assumptions of being dangerous. Completing a Community Care Assessment in accordance with the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 would be necessary in order to identify Ahmeds needs and how those needs would be best provided for. The assessment would include information from Ahmed as well as significant others where applicable and determine need on a short and / or long term basis (Sharkey, 2007). The assessment does not detract from the need of some immediate intervention, to work directly with Ahmed to address some of the immediate issues such as his rent arrears (which would immediately reduce the threat of eviction) and getting his utility services back in place. Acute and crisis services and intervention were designed to offer support in a less restrictive and stigmatising way than traditional formal of intervention such as compulsory admission (Golightly,2008). Crisis intervention is a model of intervention which ideally prevents the situation from deteriorating further and builds on existing resources and strengths in order to improve the situation (Ferguson,2008). This could assist Ahmeds mental health and well being as well as his environment and other social factors i.e. relationship with mum and neighbours. The intervention allows a recent Cochrane review found that home care crisis treatment, coupled with an ongoing home care package, was a viable alternative to hospital admission for crisis intervention for people with serious mental illnesses and probably more cost effective (Joy at al, 2006). Working directly with Ahmed using a task centred approach would be ideal as it is a very practical based approach. The work is time limited, structured and problem focused(Parker and Bradley, 2007, p.93). An example for Ahmed might be: Outcome : Pay off rent arrears so no longer in debt. Rationale: this would immediately reduce the risk of eviction as well as encouraging Ahmed to take responsibility for his situation in a supportive and empowering way. Steps: Agree a payment plan with Ahmed that is manageable within current budget ( £10 every 2 weeks) Once plan agreed Ahmed to visit housing provider to agree payment plan and request an update every month on arrears. Pick up benefits every 2 weeks, on a Tuesday, and immediately pay 2 weeks rent at paypoint in post offices along with agreed  £10 arrears and obtain receipt. For the purpose of this assignment I have listed some of the actions which could be identified in order to support Ahmed. Pay off rent arrears. Benefits assessment to ensure Ahmed is claiming his benefit entitlement. Tenancy support worker in order to support with tenancy related issues such as rent, utilities and maintaining a tenancy agreement. Support worker to assist with increasing his contact and reduce social isolation. This could be simply going out for a coffee or some other activity which Ahmed identified. To explore if Ahmed has concerns regarding psychiatry, and his reluctance to meet with the psychiatrist this is vital it may simply be he forgot about the appointment or further issues regarding his concept of psychiatry. To work with Ahmed to explore his thoughts regarding his mother and assess the foundation for his thoughts that she is not his mother. To gain understanding on any other significant relationships in the past (there is mention in the case study of children) and the possibility of re-connection with his children and wider family connections. Re-connection with community whether this would be utilising self help groups, classes which may hold a particular interest or active engagement in community/ voluntary projects to build self esteem and confidence and develop a sense of purpose and engagement. Explore training / employment options To support Ahmed to begin a life story book or consider psychology intervention. To offer support to examine Ahmeds current strategies of coping recognising his abilities through the strength model and supporting him to identify any patterns and how to deal with them. To develop a contract for future work in order to be clear of professional boundaries and expectations from both parties and how intervention might look in the future should this be required. Should the circumstances not improve or continue to deteriorate then there is a possibility of seeking hospital admission either, voluntarily or in accordance with the Mental Health Act 1983. More people than ever are being detained in hospital under compulsory orders. Admissions to hospital under the Mental Health Act 1983 have risen by nearly 30% in the past decade in England. According to a report from three national mental health charities, Rethink, Sane and the Zito Trust, this figure is a worrying reflection of the care for people with mental illness (Kmietowicz, 2004). A sobering thought for any professional. As a practitioner I have learnt that causes of mental health issues are often complex and can involve a combination of biological vulnerability, environmental factors, social stressors, social networks, supports and relationships, psychological orientations and learned behaviour. Coppock and Hopton (2000) state: each perspective on mental distress and therapeutic intervention has its own internal logic(p.175) and stress the importance of recognising the alternatives, otherwise, practitioners are in danger of becoming a rigid in their practice, not work in a pe rson centred way. Having a critical perspective and understanding of the variety of theoretical perspectives and approaches regarding mental health is beneficial. It is clear that these perspectives whether biomedical or social have added to our understanding of mental health. The relative merits of the various perspectives are constantly argued, most characteristically by pointing out the limitations of the differing perspectives. Such critiques can be productive but are only a step in a larger task to develop broader perspectives that can be productively incorporate the different useful insights reached from each of a variety of different points of view. A person centred approach to mental health would seem the optimum approach when examining mental health issues. It recognises the uniqueness of individuals and accounts for all the possible variables and their interactions from social causation, stress vulnerability, gender etc. which would enable practitioners to examine issues within a broader holistic context, instead of rigid simplistic processes of bio medical model (Freeth, 2007). Word Count : 4007

The Financial Cost of Technology in Education Essay -- essays papers

The Financial Cost of Technology in Education Think about how much it costs you or your family to keep up with the latest computer technology. Also think about about how much you pay at home for a high speed internet connection. Not to mention, the security, adware, and virus protection software you must purchase to ensure your computer keeps working properly. Consider how much it costs to outfit a single classroom with this technology, or even an entire school. Schools are still expected to provide books, pencils, and paper; however, they are now also expected to budget in computers, scientific calculators, and DVD players. Computers cost up to one thousand dollars a piece; scientific and graphing calculators cost around one hundred dollars a piece; in addition wiring the schools to accept this new technology can cost thousands. The cost to implement technology into our schools is enormous, tens of thousands per school, and millions per school system. In the 21st century, people are becoming more and more dependent on technology. We rely on computers and cell phones more than books and meeting people face-to-face. The internet is becoming a main source of information and communication. Schools, as the primary educational source, must then teach children at a young age how to use technology as an efficient and effective tool. In schools’ haste to update and modernize everything, many concerns are overlooked; most notably, the necessity of additional technology and the amount of time and money required for the new technology. In many instances, the cost of technology is far greater than the rewards. The Washington Post reported that D.C. public schools lost $25 million and five years on a failed project to insta... ...aste.† The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. May 23, 2004. News; Pg. 1A. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis Academic on 10/18/04. 6. Hare, Mary Gail. â€Å"School officials explain rising cost of programs; County must pay the bills for state, federal initiatives.† The Baltimore Sun. August 6, 2004 Friday CARROLL Edition. LOCAL, Pg. 5B. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis Academic on 10/18/04. 7. King, Wayne D. â€Å"Taxpayers don’t have to be strangled by the cost of technology in schools.† (1998) New Hampshire Business Review. Vol. 20 Issue 23, p9. Retrieved from MasterFILE on 10/18/04. 8. Fickes, Michael. â€Å"How much does technology really cost?† (May, 2004.) School Planning and Management. Vol. 43 Issue 5, Pg. 16. Retrieved from Ebsco on 10/18/04 9. â€Å"The Price is Wrong.† (Nov/Dec 1997) Learning journal. Vol. 26 Issue 3, pg. 7. Retrieved from Ebsco on 10/18/04

Frog Heart Lab, Animal Physiology

Chemical and Environmental Effects on the Heart Introduction The heart is the centerpiece of the circulatory system, its muscular contractions allow for the timely delivery of essential gases and nutrients to virtually all cells of the body. The pressure created by the heart also plays a vital role in eliminating wastes through organs such as the kidney, thus the heart delivers and helps maintain nutrient and waste composition throughout the body. The heart, like all muscle cells, releases ionic calcium when stimulated which binds to troponin which in turn causes tropomyosin to uncover the myosin-actin binding sites on the muscle.Temperature has effects on the metabolism and activity of all cells. Warmer temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules in cells, providing more energy which allows metabolic processes to proceed more quickly. Cooler temperatures, on the other hand, decrease molecular kinetic energy and cause slower metabolic rates in cells and tissues, hence when a bear hibernates, its body temperature is some degree lower than it is during the bear’s active periods.The heart is also susceptible to certain molecules for which are able to bind to its receptors or diffuse across its membrane and affect intracellular activity and consequently have effects on the overall homeostatic condition of the organism. The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) acts as the pacemaker of the heart by providing a small, autorhythmic electrical pulses that travel to the atrioventriclar node (AV node) and through the Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers through gap junctions at the intercalated disks which stimulate the cells of the heart to contract via calcium release.This contraction is similar to a neuron in the sense that a threshold stimulus is needed to cause a contraction, a refractory period follows contraction at which time a new contraction cannot occur. Drugs that have an effect on the tissues of the heart, especially those where the SA Node resides can hav e an effect on the frequency and strength of muscular contraction via causing a stimulus to occur and lowering the threshold needed to cause a contraction. The heart is under both nervous and hormonal control.The brain is constantly receiving information from the body such as pH, CO2 levels, and many others that the hypothalamus and medulla play a role in translating and reacting to via the release of hormones such as epinephrine which affects the SA node, either by stimulating or inhibiting contraction rate. Removal of the heart from the body would result in eventual cessation of beating as these sources are depleted from the immediate environment, not to mention the absence of the appropriate ion levels needed to maintain resting cellular electrochemical gradients.All of the aforementioned aspects of heart control coordinate with Starling’s Law of the Heart, which relates to stroke volume, contractions strength, and frequency of heart contraction. This paper is interested i n investigating what the effects of the alteration of temperature, chemical environments, and physical obtrusion have upon the strength and frequency of cardiac muscle contractions. Decreasing the temperature of the heart’s environment should hypothetically result in a decrease in both frequency and strength of contractions due to the decreased ability of calcium ion channels to open and cause contraction.Various chemicals such as epinephrine and calcium ion solutions should correlate to both and increase in frequency and strength of the resultant contractions due to direct effects on the hearts mode of activation (SA node stimulus) and increasing the levels of available calcium needed to cause a contraction. Other chemicals such as Atropine should indirectly increase heart rate via the blocking of the effects of the parasympathetic system resulting in a predomination of sympathetic activity.Acetylcholine, which acts on the muscarinic receptors of the heart, should display in hibitory effects on the heart by decreasing available cAMP levels, which results in fewer phosphorylated Protein Kinases which are needed to open the calcium channels which result in contractions of all muscles of the body. Additionally, chemicals such as nicotine should have little to no effect on the effects of muscle contraction due to lack of receptors on the heart for such substrates as well as lack of nicotinic receptors on any body tissues that indirectly affect heart rate such as the brain.Methods Procedure 1: The Heart Rate The dissected frog, whose heart was left attached and embedded in the frog, was connected to a string at the most basal aspect of the heart, and wrapped around an electrical stress sensor located 15cm above the heart to detect changes in pressure on the apparatus caused by heart contractions. Unless otherwise stated, all subsequent procedures will have the same setup to minimize variability in the results obtained. The resting heartbeat was then recorded via the described instrumentation. Procedure 2: Effects of Cold TemperatureInitially, 10mL of room temperature Ringer’s solution was applied directly to the heart and allowed to contract freely for 15 seconds. The data obtained from the contractions was recorded. The heart was allowed 1 minute to recover from exposure to the solution. Next, 10mL of chilled Ringer's solution was applied directly to the heart and allowed to contract freely for 15 seconds. This data was recorded. Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Thirty seconds of normal heart contractions were recorded at which time 2mL of epinephrine was dropped onto the heart itself.Contractions were allowed to proceed for 60 seconds during which time data was recorded. Following exposure to epinephrine, the heart was allowed to return to its resting state determined in procedure 1. This same procedure was repeated with the following chemicals: 1) Acetylcholine, 2) Atropine, 3) Calcium solution, 4) Nicotine solution, and 5) Caff eine solution. Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart Resting heart contractions were recorded for thirty seconds until the heart rate was less than 60 beats per minute. A stimulator electrode to be used was set to the following states: Amplitude of 4. 0 Volts, a stimulus delay of 50ms, stimulus duration of 10ms, a frequency of 1. 0Hz, and a pulse number of 30. The electrode was then placed in direct contact with the heart for 30 seconds at which time the data was observed and recorded. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the Heart A 30cm piece of thread was placed around the heart at the Atrioventricular groove (AV groove) and tied in a knot but left loose so as to not interrupt the normal function of the heart. The heart was allowed to beat for about 15 seconds with no pressure.After 15 seconds the knot was slowly tightened while taking care to stay on the AV groove while tightening. Data was observed and recorded. Results Procedure 1: The Heart Rate This experiment was carried out as noted about in Procedure 1. The resting heart rate was established and used as a baseline value from which to compare all future deviations. While data could not be exported from the computer to be definitively known, the relative rate and strength of the contractions were noted on a visual basis from which to compare the following experiments.Procedure 2: Effects of Cold Temperature As noted above in Procedure 1, technical data could not be obtained from this experiment and visual analysis had to suffice for data. Upon addition of room temperature Ringer’s solution, no notable change in contraction strength or frequency could be noted. Time was allowed for the heart to recover from the effects of the initial exposure. The application of cold Ringer’s solution resulted in a clear and observable slowing of the heart rate, though no change in strength of the contractions could be detected.Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Upon addition of epinephrine directly to the heart, the contraction rate showed a considerable increase in frequency. The strength or magnitude of each contraction also significantly increased as the heart actually was lifting itself off of its resting place. Exposure of the heart to acetylcholine had clear effect on the heart as well. A substantial decrease in heart rate was noticed upon exposure; however the magnitude of contraction seemed to remain somewhat constant.Addition of Atropine to the heart resulted in an increase in heart rate. The magnitude of each contraction showed a minor, but noticeable, increase in strength. A calcium solution was applied to the heart and showed a mild increase in contraction rate with the magnitude of each contraction seemingly remaining constant. The addition of both nicotine and caffeine had negligible effects on the rate or strength of heart contraction. Table [ 1 ]. Applied Chemical and Its Effect on Heart Contraction Rate and Strength Chemical| Heart Rate| Contraction Strength| Normal Ringers| Control Rate| Control Magnitude| Cold Ringers| Decrease| No change| Epinephrine| Increase| Increase| Acetylcholine| Decrease| Slight Decrease| Atropine| Increase| Increase| Calcium solution| Increase| No change| Caffeine| No change| No change| Nicotine| No change| No change| Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart Upon exposure to a mild electric current, the heart rate was altered from the normal resting heart rate. While it definitely slowed, the contractions were sporadic at best.The heart lost its regularity and showed random contraction intervals, some ranging shorter than normal while others had greater time gaps between contractions. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the Heart After the knot had been tied around the AV groove, no noticeable alterations were noticed to heart contraction. Upon tightening of the thread however, the heart appeared in clear distress. Beat irregularities ensued with an increase in magnitude of each pulse. The heart cease d functioning before the allotted time period had elapsed.Discussion Procedure 1: The Heart Rate The resting heart rate of the frog was perfectly normal. Steady, rhythmic contractions around 60 beats per minute were observed and used as a baseline for other experiments. The frog appeared healthy, showing no signs of beat irregularities or any other defects that may have impacted the experiment’s validity. Procedure 2: Effects of Cold Temperature The slowing of the heart in the presence of chilled Ringer’s solution was to be expected.All metabolic processes decrease in all cells upon exposure to cold due to the nature of chemical interactions. In the case of the frog heart, the cold solution probably decreased the rate at which calcium channels were able to open and thus, decrease the rate at which contractions were likely to occur since calcium entry to the cytosol initiates the cascade of reactions that leads to muscle contraction. Thus, the experimental hypothesis wa s correct given that the rate at which the heart contracted decreased and the magnitude of each contraction also lowered.Procedure 3: Effects of Drugs Exposure to epinephrine increased both the rate and strength of each muscular contraction as was expected. The heart contains many adrenergic receptors which are responsive to epinephrine, especially near the SA node, which initiates the contractions of the heart. Epinephrine acts to increase the release time of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a cascade of reactions. The fact that epinephrine had a positive impact on the heart indicates that the heart was healthy and responsive to normal physiological chemicals and pathways.Addition of acetylcholine predictably lowered the heart rate of the frog. Acetylcholine blocks the cAMP cascade pathway that ultimately leads to calcium release, thus the frequency at which calcium is released is lowered and as a result, the contraction rate follows suit and lowers as well which is what you would expect from a fully functional heart. This part of the experiment was a success. The presence of Atropine, a parasympathetic system inhibitor, acted appropriately and increased the heart rate of the frog.The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system act antagonistically to one another and as a result, decreased activity in one serves to act as if an increase in the other had occurred. Addition of Atropine, in effect, should have had similar effects as the addition of epinephrine which it did. Exposure resulted in an increase in the rate of contraction and a mild but noticeable increase in the strength of contraction compared to the resting heart rate and magnitude which was what the response was predicted to have been.Neither caffeine nor nicotine had any visual effect on the hearts rate or strength of contraction. This was expected as both of these chemicals exert their effects by activating the release of neurotransmitters and hormones in the hypothalamus, specific ally epinephrine, which then affects the heart. Because these tested chemicals were applied directly to the heart and not placed in the bloodstream where they could produce an indirect effect, it is reasonable that no effect was noticed from the heart upon exposure to these chemicals. Procedure 4: The Refractory Period of the Heart The SA node is the pacemaker of heart.It is produces electrical currents that travel to the AV node and through the Bundles of His and the Purkinje fibers and stimulates the cells of the atrium and ventricles to contract. This is electrical conduction that is carried through gap junction of the intercalated disks separating heart cells and thus it is reasonable to infer that applying an electric current directly to the heart would interfere with the steady, rhythmic contractions normally observed in a healthy, undisturbed heart. Accordingly, as we applied a current to the heart, the cyclic contractions of the heart became erratic and unpredictable.No stea dy pattern was detectable in the muscular contractions. Some had longer periods between contractions while others had shorter time gaps between beats. This was expected as the heart would be receiving constant signals to contract along with the rhythmic electrical signals from the SA node itself and would result in interference and overlap of contraction signals which is exactly what was observed. This leads us to believe that both the electrical apparatus and the heart were working exactly as designed. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the HeartAfter placing the thread around the AV groove and tightening, the heart was clearly under a great deal of strength. Both the anterior and posterior segments of the heart swelled considerably, no doubt as a result of restriction of blood flow and buildup of pressure within the atriums and ventricles themselves. The AV node is a particularly sensitive portion of the heart to constriction as blood flow through the heart itself occurs at thi s junction. The heart contraction magnitude increased considerably while the contraction rate decreased substantially.Over the course of time when the thread was tightened, the heart appeared to get weaker and weaker until it finally gave out itself. Using the electrical apparatus, we tried to revive the frog and succeeded, however, a steady and consistent heartbeat was never again established and was much weaker and slower than before the thread was utilized. This indicated that heart damage had occurred and it was unlikely that any more significant and reliable data could be obtained from the frog’s heart and the experiment was finished as a result.Overall, the experiment can be considered a success as the appropriate responses to all the varying conditions were observed. While the experiment can be considered a success, the conditions with which the experiments were carried out were far from ideal. The experimental apparatus used was sufficient but hardly the equipment of choice. Far from accurate and precision, as well as the lack of ability to export numbered data from the labs computers, it is difficult to really analyze the data and produce concrete results that reflect the true magnitudes of effect each experimental variable had on the heart.